diff --git a/paperforge/worker/ocr_render.py b/paperforge/worker/ocr_render.py index a75b28d3..ab39be6c 100644 --- a/paperforge/worker/ocr_render.py +++ b/paperforge/worker/ocr_render.py @@ -1168,6 +1168,8 @@ def render_fulltext_markdown( last_structured_insert_bbox = None if role == "structured_insert": + if not block.get("render_default", True): + continue pass # render as callout below elif not block.get("render_default", True): continue @@ -1179,6 +1181,7 @@ def render_fulltext_markdown( "frontmatter_noise", "frontmatter_support", "table_html", + "table_caption_candidate", "figure_caption", "figure_inner_text", } diff --git a/paperforge/worker/ocr_tables.py b/paperforge/worker/ocr_tables.py index 7e8fe942..a0958532 100644 --- a/paperforge/worker/ocr_tables.py +++ b/paperforge/worker/ocr_tables.py @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def build_table_inventory(structured_blocks: list[dict]) -> dict[str, Any]: for block in structured_blocks: role = block.get("role", "") raw_label = str(block.get("raw_label", "") or "").strip() - if role == "table_caption" or _is_validation_first_table_candidate(block): + if role in {"table_caption", "table_caption_candidate"} or _is_validation_first_table_candidate(block): captions.append(block) elif role in ("table_asset", "media_asset"): if role == "media_asset" and raw_label not in ("table",): diff --git a/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/A8E7SRVS/block_trace.csv b/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/A8E7SRVS/block_trace.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ba003160 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/A8E7SRVS/block_trace.csv @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +page,block_id,raw_label,content_preview,bbox,role,role_confidence,evidence,seed_role,seed_confidence,zone,style_family,marker_type,render_default,index_default +1,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrhD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFi4Ci3iVC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKv0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 269, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,True +1,1,header,"Clin Orthop Relat Res (2023) 481:1158-1170 +DOI 10.1097/CORR.0000000000002520","[99, 79, 433, 123]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,2,header,"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{®} $ +A Publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons $ ^{®} $","[795, 52, 1069, 124]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,3,text,Clinical Research,"[112, 143, 282, 168]",non_body_insert,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False +1,4,doc_title,High Acromial Slope and Low Acromiohumeral Distance Increase the Risk of Retear of the Supraspinatus Tendon After Repair,"[98, 221, 1069, 298]",paper_title,0.6,"[""page-1 frontmatter title guard: High Acromial Slope and Low Acromiohumeral Distance Increase""]",paper_title,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,5,text,"Thomas Caffard Dr med¹, Desdemona Kralewski Dr med¹, Marius Ludwig Dr med¹, Daniel Dornacher PD Dr med¹, Michael Fuchs PD Dr med¹, Thomas Kappe Prof Dr med¹, Heiko Reichel Prof Dr med¹, Mirco Sgroi PD","[96, 329, 910, 403]",frontmatter_support,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +1,6,text,Received: 21 July 2022 / Accepted: 15 November 2022 / Published online: 20 December 2022,"[98, 500, 710, 522]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Received: 21 July 2022 / Accepted: 15 November 2022 / Publis""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,7,text,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons,"[98, 522, 530, 542]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Copyright \u00a9 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeo""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,8,paragraph_title,Abstract,"[99, 602, 183, 624]",abstract_heading,0.95,"[""abstract heading""]",abstract_heading,0.95,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +1,9,abstract,"Background Retearing of the supraspinatus (SSP) tendon after repair is relatively common, but its cause is rarely clear. Although the role of acromion morphology and glenoid orientation in the pathoge","[97, 626, 568, 793]",abstract_body,0.85,"[""abstract label from Paddle OCR""]",abstract_body,0.85,,unknown_like,none,True,True +1,10,abstract,Questions/purposes (1) Is acromial morphology associated with the risk of retear after SSP tendon repair? (2) Is there an association between inclination and version of the glenoid and the odds for re,"[99, 795, 569, 916]",unknown_structural,0.85,"[""abstract label from Paddle OCR""]",abstract_body,0.85,,unknown_like,none,False,True +1,11,footnote,"Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest","[98, 996, 569, 1096]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercia""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,12,text,patients who had intact cuff repairs and those who had retears?,"[599, 626, 1070, 674]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +1,13,footnote,All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $ editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request,"[98, 1096, 570, 1298]",footnote,0.7,"[""footnote label: All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinica""]",footnote,0.7,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,14,text,"Methods Between August 2012 and December 2015, we treated 92 patients for SSP tendon tears; all of these patients were considered for inclusion in the present study. We considered patients with comple","[598, 674, 1073, 1417]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +1,15,footnote," $ ^{1} $Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RKU, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","[99, 1327, 567, 1371]",footnote,0.7,"[""footnote label: $ ^{1} $Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RKU, University o""]",footnote,0.7,,unknown_like,affiliation_marker,True,True +1,16,footnote,"M. Sgroi ✉, Oberer Eelsberg 45, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany, Email: sgroi.mirco@yahoo.de","[98, 1388, 567, 1431]",footnote,0.7,"[""footnote label: M. Sgroi \u2709, Oberer Eelsberg 45, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany, Email""]",footnote,0.7,,unknown_like,none,True,True +1,17,footer_image,,"[102, 1472, 267, 1501]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,,unknown_like,empty,False,False +1,18,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1148, 1563]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +2,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsH04XMl0hCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3I3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Ci3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 268, 55, 931]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +2,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[101, 80, 278, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +2,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 998, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +2,3,number,1159,"[1029, 81, 1069, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False +2,4,text,"same two observers using the Sugaya and Castricini classifications, accounting for atrophy and fatty degeneration of the SSP muscle. To assess interobserver reliability, the two observers took measure","[96, 141, 570, 736]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,5,text,"Results After controlling for potentially confounding variables such as acromioplasty or preoperative fatty infiltration as well as muscle atrophy, the only morphological parameters associated with a ","[96, 739, 569, 1382]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,6,text,"Conclusion The preoperative acromiohumeral interval and acromial slope are associated with SSP tendon rupture after repair. Conversely, the critical shoulder angle, acromial tilt, lateral acromial ang","[98, 1382, 569, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,7,text,,"[599, 142, 1072, 544]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +2,8,text,"Level of Evidence Level III, therapeutic study.","[601, 546, 984, 571]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow""]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +2,9,paragraph_title,Introduction,"[601, 618, 721, 641]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Introduction""]",section_heading,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True +2,10,text,"Despite great scientific interest, the pathogenesis of supraspinatus (SSP) reruptures after repair has not been determined [12, 25]. The acromion's morphology and glenoid orientation have been postula","[597, 666, 1074, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,11,footer_image,,"[904, 1471, 1071, 1502]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,False +2,12,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False +3,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMI0hCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Ci3Vc4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 267, 55, 931]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +3,1,number,1160,"[102, 80, 143, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +3,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 80, 271, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +3,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[737, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +3,4,text,"been established between the acromion and glenoid morphology and clinical results after repair [1, 23, 26]. Therefore, it would be interesting to know whether patients who suffered a rerupture also ha","[97, 139, 568, 258]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,5,text,We therefore asked: (1) Is acromial morphology associated with the risk of retear after SSP tendon repair? (2) Is there an association between inclination and version of the glenoid and the odds for r,"[96, 260, 569, 427]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,6,paragraph_title,Patients and Methods Study Design and Setting,"[98, 475, 310, 548]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Patients and Methods Study Design and Setting""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +3,7,footer,,"[98, 522, 310, 548]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False +3,8,text,This retrospective study investigated the relationship of acromial morphology and glenoidal orientation with the risk of suffering a retear of the SSP 2 years after rotator cuff reconstruction. It was,"[97, 570, 570, 716]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,9,paragraph_title,Participants,"[99, 763, 206, 787]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Participants""]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +3,10,text,"Between August 2012 and December 2015, we treated 92 patients for SSP tendon tears who were considered for inclusion in the present study. We considered patients with complete tear of the SSP that was","[97, 808, 570, 1195]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,11,paragraph_title,Descriptive Data,"[99, 1240, 244, 1265]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Descriptive Data""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +3,12,text,"A total of 51% (28 of 55) of the patients were women. The mean age was $ 66 \pm 10 $ years (range 46 to 86 years). The right side was affected in 67% (37 of 55) of the patients, and the mean BMI was ","[96, 1287, 569, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,13,paragraph_title,Surgical Technique,"[600, 140, 766, 166]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Surgical Technique""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +3,14,text,"Two experienced shoulder surgeons (TK and MS), who were not involved in the radiologic examinations, performed the arthroscopic procedures. The surgeons were senior surgeons who specialize in shoulder","[598, 187, 1072, 1173]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,15,paragraph_title,Aftercare,"[601, 1216, 687, 1241]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Aftercare""]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +3,16,text,"After the surgical procedure, the operated-on arm was immobilized in an abduction pillow (Ultra Sling III) for 6 weeks. The patients were allowed to perform passive exercises for 6 weeks. Then, the pi","[598, 1264, 1072, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,17,footer_image,,"[101, 1472, 267, 1501]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,False +3,18,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1148, 1564]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False +4,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMl0hCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3l3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3Vc4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 266, 55, 936]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True +4,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[101, 80, 278, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +4,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 998, 103]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +4,3,number,1161,"[1029, 80, 1068, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +4,4,figure_title,Table 1. Demographic data and preoperative tendon quality of the investigated patients (n = 55),"[98, 138, 568, 183]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 1. Demographic data and preoperative tendon quality of""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +4,5,table,"
ParameterValue
Women, % (n)51 (28)
Side involved, right, % (n)67 (37)
Age in years, mean $ \pm $ SD
Type 1Sufficient thickness of the tendon, tendon continuity preserved, homogeneous low signal intensity
Type 2Sufficient thickness of the tendon, with","[600, 170, 1070, 513]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,14,paragraph_title,Sugaya Classification,"[601, 735, 783, 760]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Sugaya Classification""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +6,15,text,"To assess the tendon’s integrity, we applied the Sugaya classification (Table 2). In a recent study by Hasegawa et al. [16], the Sugaya classification showed good to excellent (kappa = 0.68 to 0.91) i","[598, 782, 1072, 1025]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,16,paragraph_title,Castricini Classification,"[601, 1070, 803, 1095]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Castricini Classification""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +6,17,text,"To better investigate tendon quality after repair, we applied the Castricini classification [5] (Table 3). To better compare the differences, the individual subclasses were presented separately rather","[599, 1117, 1071, 1288]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,18,paragraph_title,Fatty Infiltration of the SSP Muscle,"[600, 1332, 894, 1358]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Fatty Infiltration of the SSP Muscle""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +6,19,text,We evaluated fatty infiltration according to Goutailler et al. [14]. A study on the reliability of assessing fatty infiltration,"[599, 1380, 1071, 1431]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,20,footer_image,,"[903, 1471, 1071, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True +6,21,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1538, 1149, 1563]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False +7,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMl0hCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRy17TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[18, 268, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True +7,1,number,1164,"[102, 80, 143, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +7,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 80, 270, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +7,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[738, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +7,4,figure_title,Table 3. Castricini classification [5],"[99, 138, 365, 160]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 3. Castricini classification [5]""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +7,5,table,
Signal intensityIHigher signal intensity throughout the whole tendon thickness
IIFocal increase of signal intensity
VariableAdjusted OR (95% CI)p value
Acromial slope1.4 (1.1 to 1.8)< 0.01
Acromiohumeral distance0.9 (0.,"[99, 1006, 565, 1221]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,10,text,"The model achieved statistical significance in four steps (p < 0.001). Concomitant subscapularis reconstruction, tenodesis of the long head of the biceps tendon, lateral clavicula resection, and acrom","[97, 1232, 569, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,11,text,,"[598, 140, 1073, 502]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +8,12,paragraph_title,Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk,"[600, 546, 912, 570]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +8,13,text,"There was no difference between patients with intact SSP tendons and those with reruptured SSP tendons in terms of glenoid inclination ( $ 6^\circ \pm 4^\circ $ versus $ 6^\circ \pm 3^\circ $, mean d","[600, 593, 1071, 740]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,14,paragraph_title,Clinical Outcome,"[601, 784, 752, 809]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Clinical Outcome""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +8,15,text,"No difference in clinical outcomes was found between patients with intact SSPs and those with reruptured SSPs (Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index: $ 98 \pm 2 $ versus $ 97 \pm 3 $, mean difference 0","[599, 832, 1071, 1004]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,16,paragraph_title,Discussion,"[601, 1047, 705, 1072]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Discussion""]",section_heading,0.9,body_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True +8,17,text,"Acromion morphology and glenoid orientation may be associated with the risk of SSP tendon ruptures [8, 18, 37]. However, it is unclear whether these morphologic characteristics are associated with the","[598, 1095, 1073, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,18,footer_image,,"[903, 1470, 1071, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True +8,19,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False +9,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 267, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True +9,1,number,1166,"[102, 81, 143, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +9,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 80, 271, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +9,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[737, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +9,4,figure_title,Table 5. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and those with a reruptured SSP regarding preoperative acromial morphology and glenoid orientation,"[98, 137, 1035, 184]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 5. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and ""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +9,5,table,
VariableSugaya 1 to 3Sugaya 4 and 5Mean difference (95% CI)p value
AHI in mm83 $ \pm $ 2061 $ \pm $ 162,"[95, 187, 1070, 378]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,6,vision_footnote,Data are presented as the mean ± SD. SSP = supraspinatus tendon; AHI = acromiohumeral interval; CSA = critical shoulder angle; AS = acromial slope; AT = acromial tilt; LAA = lateral acromial angle; AI,"[99, 387, 1071, 433]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: Data are presented as the mean \u00b1 SD. SSP = supraspinatus ten""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,7,paragraph_title,Limitations,"[99, 468, 197, 492]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Limitations""]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +9,8,text,"First, in most instances, the analyzed patients underwent mild acromioplasty. Because the probability of suffering a retear of the SSP tendon was evaluated using parameters before acromioplasty, the m","[95, 516, 571, 829]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,9,chart,,"[115, 866, 551, 1280]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: chart""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True +9,10,figure_title,Fig. 6 The figure represents the receiver operating characteristic curve of the acromiohumeral interval and acromial slope. The coordinates on the curve determined the cutoff values for identifying a ,"[97, 1299, 570, 1432]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 6 The figure represents the receiver operating characte""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +9,11,text,"technique were included. In our opinion, this criterion was important because if patients who had undergone a different reconstructive technique for the SSP had been included, this could have affected","[598, 467, 1072, 994]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,12,text,"Fourth, because the preoperative MRI examinations were performed before the start of this study, standardization of imaging techniques was not possible a priori. This is a limitation of the present st","[598, 994, 1074, 1427]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,13,footer_image,,"[101, 1472, 267, 1501]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True +9,14,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1564]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False +10,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 267, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True +10,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[100, 80, 278, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +10,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 999, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +10,3,number,1167,"[1029, 80, 1069, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +10,4,figure_title,"Table 6. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, OR, and AUC of acromial slope and acromiohumeral distance","[97, 138, 920, 160]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 6. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, OR, and""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +10,5,table,"
VariableAcromiohumeral distance (95% CI)Acromial slope (95% CI)
Sensitivity, %77 (46 to 95)85 (54 to 98)
Specificit","[99, 164, 1070, 305]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,6,vision_footnote,AUC = area under the curve.,"[98, 313, 321, 337]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: AUC = area under the curve.""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,7,text,"resolution. However, we do not have a 3.0 Tesla MRI in our department; this reflects the situation in most clinics and therefore does not seem to be a major limitation.","[95, 373, 568, 444]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,8,text,"Sixth, residents performed the measurements. Because of their inexperience, they may have produced imprecise results. To avoid this, both observers underwent training before the measurements, during w","[95, 445, 572, 1117]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,9,text,,"[598, 372, 1072, 615]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +10,10,paragraph_title,Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk,"[600, 659, 922, 684]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +10,11,text,"We found that of the acromial morphologic measures analyzed, only acromial slope and acromiohumeral distance were associated with a higher risk of recurrence 2 years after SSP repair. The critical sho","[598, 706, 1073, 1118]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,12,figure_title,Table 7. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the AHI cutoff,"[98, 1155, 642, 1178]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 7. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the A""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +10,13,table,"","[96, 1177, 1069, 1400]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,14,vision_footnote,AHI = acromiohumeral interval; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index.,"[98, 1406, 682, 1431]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: AHI = acromiohumeral interval; WORC = Western Ontario Rotato""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,15,footer_image,,"[904, 1470, 1071, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True +10,16,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False +11,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMl0hCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyj7TvSFI4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 265, 56, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True +11,1,number,1168,"[101, 80, 144, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +11,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[171, 80, 271, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +11,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[737, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +11,4,figure_title,Table 8. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the AS cutoff,"[97, 138, 635, 160]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 8. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the A""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +11,5,table,"
VariableAHI ≤ 7.4 mmAHI $ > $ 7.4 mmp value
WORC, mean $ \pm $ SD97 $ \pm $ 2.697 $ \pm $ 2.20.56
VariableAS ≤ 24.5°AS > 24.5°p value
WORC, mean $ \pm $ SD97 $ \pm $ 2.397 $ \pm $ 2.60.84
O","[95, 160, 1069, 385]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +11,6,vision_footnote,"AS = acromial slope; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index,","[97, 389, 600, 415]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: AS = acromial slope; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Ind""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +11,7,text,that a higher critical shoulder angle is associated with a higher risk of full-thickness retears of the rotator cuff at shorter follow-up intervals. Another study reported that a critical shoulder ang,"[95, 471, 571, 1026]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +11,8,paragraph_title,Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk,"[99, 1070, 409, 1096]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +11,9,text,We found that glenoid orientation in terms of inclination and version was not associated with radiologic outcomes after SSP repair. Glenoid orientation could impact the forces acting on the reconstruc,"[97, 1117, 570, 1216]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +11,10,text,,"[597, 472, 1073, 1217]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +11,11,figure_title,Table 9. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and those with a reruptured SSP regarding preoperative acromial morphology and glenoid orientation,"[97, 1263, 1037, 1309]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 9. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and ""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +11,12,table,
VariableSugaya Groups 1 to 3Sugaya Groups 4 and 5Mean difference (95% CI)p value
GV in $ \circ $$ -2 \pm 3 $$ -3 ,"[100, 1311, 1070, 1401]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +11,13,vision_footnote,SSP = supraspinatus tendon; GV = glenoidal version; GI = glenoidal inclination.,"[98, 1407, 698, 1431]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: SSP = supraspinatus tendon; GV = glenoidal version; GI = gle""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +11,14,footer_image,,"[100, 1471, 268, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True +11,15,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1538, 1148, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False +12,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 267, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,,unknown_like,none,False,True +12,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[100, 80, 278, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +12,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 999, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +12,3,number,1169,"[1029, 81, 1069, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +12,4,figure_title,Table 10. Postoperative clinical outcomes depending on SSP integrity,"[98, 138, 633, 160]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 10. Postoperative clinical outcomes depending on SSP i""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +12,5,table,
VariableSugaya Groups 1 to 3Sugaya Groups 4 and 5Mean difference (95% CI)p value
WORC in points98 $ \pm $ 297 $ ,"[99, 165, 1070, 252]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +12,6,vision_footnote,Data are presented as the mean ± SD. SSP = supraspinatus tendon; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index.,"[98, 262, 956, 285]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: Data are presented as the mean \u00b1 SD. SSP = supraspinatus ten""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +12,7,paragraph_title,Clinical Outcome Depending on Retear of the SSP,"[98, 321, 513, 345]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Clinical Outcome Depending on Retear of the SSP""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +12,8,text,We found no difference in clinical outcome between patients with intact and reruptured SSP tendons and no association with preoperative glenoid morphology and orientation. These results are important ,"[95, 368, 571, 968]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True +12,9,paragraph_title,Conclusion,"[100, 1015, 198, 1037]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion""]",section_heading,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True +12,10,text,"We found that acromiohumeral distance and acromial slope are associated with the risk of retear of the SSP tendon after repair. In addition, we observed no association of glenoid inclination and gleno","[97, 1061, 571, 1424]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True +12,11,text,,"[599, 321, 1069, 370]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +12,12,paragraph_title,References,"[602, 392, 708, 415]",reference_heading,0.9,"[""references heading: References""]",reference_heading,0.9,reference_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +12,13,reference_content,"1. Ames JB, Horan MP, Van der Meijden OAJ, Leake MJ, Millett PJ. Association between acromial index and outcomes following arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg A","[611, 425, 1071, 504]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 1. Ames JB, Horan MP, Van der Meijden OAJ, Leake MJ, Millett""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,14,reference_content,"2. Balke M, Schmidt C, Dedy N, Banerjee M, Bouillon B, Liem D. Correlation of acromial morphology with impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears. Acta Orthop. 2013;84:178-183.","[612, 505, 1069, 564]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 2. Balke M, Schmidt C, Dedy N, Banerjee M, Bouillon B, Liem ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,15,reference_content,"3. Bigliani LU, Ticker JB, Flatow EL, Soslotsky LJ, Mow VC. The relationship of acromial architecture to rotator cuff disease. Clin Sports Med. 1991;10:823-838.","[612, 565, 1069, 624]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 3. Bigliani LU, Ticker JB, Flatow EL, Soslotsky LJ, Mow VC. ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,16,reference_content,"4. Bishop JL, Kline SK, Aalderink KJ, Zauel R, Bey MJ. Glenoid inclination: in vivo measures in rotator cuff tear patients and associations with superior glenohumeral joint translation. J Shoulder Elb","[613, 625, 1070, 702]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 4. Bishop JL, Kline SK, Aalderink KJ, Zauel R, Bey MJ. Gleno""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,17,reference_content,"5. Castricini R, Longo UG, De Benedetto M, et al. Platelet-rich plasma augmentation for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:258-265.","[613, 705, 1070, 763]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 5. Castricini R, Longo UG, De Benedetto M, et al. Platelet-r""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,18,reference_content,"6. Chalmers PN, Beck L, Granger E, Henninger H, Tashjian RZ. Superior glenoid inclination and rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018;27:1444-1450.","[612, 765, 1070, 822]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 6. Chalmers PN, Beck L, Granger E, Henninger H, Tashjian RZ.""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,19,reference_content,"7. Chalmers PN, Beck L, Miller M, et al. Acromial morphology is not associated with rotator cuff tearing or repair healing. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020;29:2229-2239.","[612, 825, 1071, 883]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 7. Chalmers PN, Beck L, Miller M, et al. Acromial morphology""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,20,reference_content,"8. Chalmers PN, Salazar D, Steger-May K, Chamberlain AM, Yamaguchi K, Keener JD. Does the critical shoulder angle correlate with rotator cuff tear progression? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475:1608-161","[612, 884, 1070, 961]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 8. Chalmers PN, Salazar D, Steger-May K, Chamberlain AM, Yam""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,21,reference_content,"9. Chung SW, Oh JH, Gong HS, Kim JY, Kim SH. Factors affecting rotator cuff healing after arthroscopic repair: osteoporosis as one of the independent risk factors. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:2099-2107.","[610, 964, 1070, 1040]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 9. Chung SW, Oh JH, Gong HS, Kim JY, Kim SH. Factors affecti""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,22,reference_content,"10. Collin P, Yoshida M, Delarue A, et al. Evaluating postoperative rotator cuff healing: prospective comparison of MRI and ultrasound. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101(suppl):S265-268.","[605, 1044, 1069, 1102]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 10. Collin P, Yoshida M, Delarue A, et al. Evaluating postop""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,23,reference_content,"11. Friedman RJ, Hawthorne KB, Genez BM. The use of computerized tomography in the measurement of glenoid version. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:1032-1037.","[604, 1104, 1071, 1162]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 11. Friedman RJ, Hawthorne KB, Genez BM. The use of computer""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +12,24,reference_content,"12. Fukuda H, Hamada K, Nakajima T, Tomonaga A. Pathology and pathogenesis of the intratendinous tearing of the rotator cuff viewed from en bloc histologic sections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;304:60","[605, 1164, 1070, 1240]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 12. 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Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,support_like,none,False,False +13,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCy +wCX1AWnYQp/llQrhD3i3D0OdRyj7TvSFI4Ci3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[20, 268, 54, 931]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,,unknown_like,none,False,True +13,1,number,1170,"[102, 81, 142, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +13,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 81, 270, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +13,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[738, 81, 1069, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,none,False,False +13,4,reference_content,"16. 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Yoshida M, Collin P, Josseaume T, et al. Post-operative ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +13,28,reference_content,"39. Zhao J, Luo M, Pan J, et al. Risk factors affecting rotator cuff retear after arthroscopic repair: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30:2660-2670.","[604, 959, 1071, 1016]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 39. Zhao J, Luo M, Pan J, et al. Risk factors affecting rota""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +13,29,footer,Wolters Kluwer,"[100, 1472, 267, 1501]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +13,30,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1148, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,support_like,none,False,False diff --git a/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/CAQNW9Q2/block_trace.csv b/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/CAQNW9Q2/block_trace.csv index a5247e41..80768a75 100644 --- a/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/CAQNW9Q2/block_trace.csv +++ b/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/CAQNW9Q2/block_trace.csv @@ -1,156 +1,162 @@ -page,block_id,raw_label,content_preview,bbox,role,role_confidence,evidence,seed_role,seed_confidence,zone,style_family,marker_type,render_default,index_default -1,0,number,268,"[113, 68, 146, 87]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False -1,1,header,Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1994; 53: 268–275,"[740, 66, 1108, 88]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False -1,2,paragraph_title,REVIEW,"[112, 135, 218, 162]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,page-1 article-type label: review,frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_main_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False -1,3,doc_title,Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis,"[315, 202, 963, 242]",paper_title,0.6,page-1 frontmatter title guard: Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis,paper_title,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True -1,4,text,J C Buckland-Wright,"[312, 289, 504, 315]",authors,0.6,page-1 initial-lastname author byline: J C Buckland-Wright,authors,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,True,True -1,5,footer,"Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hos","[112, 1346, 298, 1493]",noise,0.9,footer label,noise,0.9,,unknown_like,none,False,False -1,6,text,Radiography is important in the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) as the features described in the pa,"[313, 357, 706, 916]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -1,7,text,"Scoring systems, although an essential and widely used method for assessing disease progression, suf","[313, 916, 706, 1383]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -1,8,footnote,"Correspondence to: Dr J C Buckland-Wright, Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UMDS, Guy's Hospita","[114, 1496, 275, 1610]",frontmatter_support,0.75,"page-1 correspondence footnote: Correspondence to: +page,block_id,raw_label,content_preview,bbox,role,role_confidence,evidence,seed_role,seed_confidence,zone,style_family,marker_type,render_default,index_default +1,0,number,268,"[113, 68, 146, 87]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False +1,1,header,Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1994; 53: 268–275,"[740, 66, 1108, 88]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,2,paragraph_title,REVIEW,"[112, 135, 218, 162]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 article-type label: review""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_main_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False +1,3,doc_title,Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis,"[315, 202, 963, 242]",paper_title,0.6,"[""page-1 frontmatter title guard: Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis""]",paper_title,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,4,text,J C Buckland-Wright,"[312, 289, 504, 315]",authors,0.6,"[""page-1 initial-lastname author byline: J C Buckland-Wright""]",authors,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,True,True +1,5,footer,"Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London, United Kingdom J C Buckland-Wright","[112, 1346, 298, 1493]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,none,False,False +1,6,text,"Radiography is important in the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) as the features described in the pathology of the disease can be visualised, with joint space narrowing generally thought to reflect ca","[313, 357, 706, 916]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +1,7,text,"Scoring systems, although an essential and widely used method for assessing disease progression, suffer from a number of limitations. They are based on two assumptions, first that the change in any on","[313, 916, 706, 1383]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +1,8,footnote,"Correspondence to: Dr J C Buckland-Wright, -Division of Anato",frontmatter_support,0.75,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,True,True -1,9,text,Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in peripheral joints with OA are based on measure,"[314, 1382, 706, 1610]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in periph,frontmatter_noise,0.8,,body_like,none,False,False -1,10,text,,"[718, 358, 1112, 662]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,,unknown_like,empty,False,True -1,11,paragraph_title,Standard radiography,"[720, 700, 932, 722]",unknown_structural,0.5,unnumbered paragraph_title on page 1 outside title zone: Standard radiography,section_heading,0.5,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,none,False,True -1,12,text,The radiographic image is a shadow of the differential absorption of x rays by the tissues of the jo,"[718, 722, 1112, 851]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -1,13,text,"Advantages Standard radiography is simple, cheap, easily accessible and well understood. The radiogr","[719, 850, 1112, 1022]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -1,14,text,Limitations The relatively large size of the x ray source of standard x ray tubes (usually 1 mm and ,"[719, 1022, 1112, 1298]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -1,15,text,Apart from those investigators who have developed special stereotaxic devices for examining leg alig,"[719, 1298, 1114, 1609]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Apart from those investigators who have developed special st,frontmatter_noise,0.8,,unknown_like,none,False,False -2,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[88, 62, 310, 84]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False -2,1,number,269,"[1057, 61, 1089, 79]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False -2,2,image,,"[294, 111, 1087, 755]",media_asset,0.85,media label: image,media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True -2,3,figure_title,Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic knee joints showing different degrees of,"[287, 770, 1088, 842]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,figure_title label: Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic ,figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False -2,4,text,reliable assessment of joint space loss. The absence of any standards in the radio-anatomical positi,"[288, 867, 685, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -2,5,text,"but more often than not the plane of measurement is never defined. Further, no account is taken of t","[694, 866, 1092, 1364]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label; frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow,frontmatter_noise,0.6,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False -2,6,paragraph_title,Quantitative standard radiography,"[697, 1402, 1027, 1423]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative standard radiography",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True -2,7,text,Quantitative standard radiography has been applied primarily to joint space width (JSW) measurements,"[696, 1421, 1092, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -3,0,number,270,"[116, 66, 149, 86]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False -3,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[992, 68, 1112, 89]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False -3,2,text,standardisation of the position of the hip and knee and reproducible repositioning of the joints on ,"[315, 124, 708, 381]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -3,3,text,"In the former, Martel's group at Michigan University, undertook to define the precision of hyaline c","[314, 380, 708, 1237]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -3,4,text,The development of microcomputers and image analysis technique has provided the means of obtaining a,"[313, 1237, 707, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -3,5,text,,"[719, 126, 1116, 728]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True -3,6,paragraph_title,Microfocal radiography,"[722, 766, 948, 789]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Microfocal radiography",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True -3,7,text,Microfocal x ray units are characterised by an extremely small x ray source (<15 µm in diameter) whi,"[720, 788, 1113, 1025]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -3,8,text,Advantages of microfocal radiography are those characteristic of an extremely small x ray source. La,"[719, 1027, 1114, 1611]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -4,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[91, 62, 312, 85]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False -4,1,number,271,"[1059, 58, 1090, 77]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False -4,2,image,,"[95, 114, 677, 425]",media_asset,0.85,media label: image,media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True -4,3,image,,"[95, 433, 681, 736]",media_asset,0.85,media label: image,media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True -4,4,figure_title,Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee joints with medial compartment involvem,"[92, 753, 681, 840]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,figure_title label: Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee,figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False -4,5,text,"resolution, makes it possible to detect structural detail virtually at the histological level $ ^{34","[295, 865, 687, 973]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -4,6,text,Limitations are also a function of the small x ray source size. The smallness of the source limits t,"[295, 972, 688, 1122]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -4,7,text,Care and accuracy are needed in positioning the patient in relation to the source. This requires spe,"[295, 1121, 689, 1380]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -4,8,paragraph_title,Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure,"[296, 1417, 656, 1459]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True -4,9,text,Stereotaxic devices are used to position each patient accurately and reproducibly. The centre of the,"[295, 1459, 689, 1607]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -4,10,text,,"[698, 113, 1095, 588]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True -4,11,text,The anatomical sites within the macroradiograph used in defining the boundaries for the measurement ,"[700, 586, 1094, 757]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -4,12,text,Femur: the distal convex margin of the condyle (fig 2).,"[703, 758, 1093, 800]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -4,13,text,"Tibia, medial compartment: a line extending from near the tibial spine to the medial or outer margin","[701, 800, 1096, 1249]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -4,14,text,A detailed description of the method of measuring radiographic features and the accuracy in recordin,"[701, 1248, 1098, 1607]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -5,0,number,272,"[114, 59, 147, 78]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False -5,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[989, 61, 1109, 82]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False -5,2,paragraph_title,Quantitative microfocal radiography,"[314, 116, 658, 139]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative microfocal radiography",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True -5,3,text,Measurement of the radiographic features of OA of the hand and their change over an 18 month study p,"[313, 139, 706, 548]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -5,4,paragraph_title,Joint space width,"[313, 585, 480, 607]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Joint space width",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True -5,5,text,Joint space narrowing is considered the most important radiological feature of OA but its accuracy i,"[311, 608, 706, 906]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -5,6,text,"In patients with early, but definite OA of the hand, JSW measurements showed that 56% of the patient","[313, 906, 706, 1058]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -5,7,text,,"[717, 117, 1112, 419]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True -5,8,paragraph_title,"Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes","[717, 456, 1072, 521]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral scl",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True -5,9,text,The results of the studies of OA of the hand $ ^{38} $ and knee $ ^{45} $ showed that the extent of ,"[717, 521, 1114, 1059]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -5,10,image,,"[324, 1090, 1102, 1539]",media_asset,0.85,media label: image,media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True -5,11,figure_title,"Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of a patient with hand OA, sho","[316, 1548, 1053, 1601]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,figure_title label: Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalange,figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False -6,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[93, 67, 315, 89]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False -6,1,number,273,"[1061, 68, 1093, 86]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False -6,2,text,"cartilage, measured as joint space narrowing, is a late stage phenomenon of osteoarthritis.","[294, 124, 686, 168]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -6,3,text,"In the OA hand, the pattern of increased sclerosis and osteophytosis $ ^{39} $ at the joints of the ","[293, 169, 688, 466]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -6,4,text,"Evaluation of the pattern of joint space narrowing in the OA hand patients, during the study, showed","[292, 465, 686, 959]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -6,5,text,The results of these investigations show that by using accurate and precise radiographic procedures ,"[290, 957, 685, 1214]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -6,6,text,"The greater sensitivity of this technique, compared with standard radiography, has improved the chan","[287, 1213, 683, 1614]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -6,7,text,,"[700, 124, 1096, 363]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True -6,8,paragraph_title,Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radiography,"[700, 403, 1075, 447]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radi",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True -6,9,footer,,"[700, 426, 1075, 447]",noise,0.9,footer label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False -6,10,text,"As described above, quantitative microfocal radiography can measure progression, in hand and knee OA","[698, 441, 1093, 917]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -6,11,text,Equipment: Accurate measurement within the plain film radiograph is dependent on good spatial resolu,"[696, 917, 1093, 1152]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -6,12,text,Patients: Standardisation of the radioanatomical position of the joint is necessary so that the appe,"[695, 1152, 1090, 1428]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -6,13,text,Measurement: The boundaries or limits of the radiographic feature to be measured must be defined pre,"[693, 1427, 1089, 1617]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -7,0,number,274,"[110, 71, 143, 90]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False -7,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[986, 71, 1104, 91]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False -7,2,text,analysis and overall reduce the time taken for the mensural procedures.,"[310, 127, 699, 173]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True -7,3,paragraph_title,Conclusion,"[310, 212, 423, 233]",section_heading,0.9,explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion,section_heading,0.9,body_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True -7,4,text,"To measure OA progression, it is necessary to establish a universally acceptable method for accurate","[310, 235, 701, 705]",backmatter_body,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label; tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow,backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True -7,5,text,I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Charles Hutton for inviting me to write this article and to num,"[312, 721, 702, 827]",backmatter_body,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label; tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow,backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True -7,6,reference_content,"1 Resnick D, Niwayama G. Degenerative diseases of extra-spinal locations. In: Resnick D, Niwayama G,","[323, 882, 700, 939]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 1 Resnick D, Niwayama G. Degenerative diseases of extra-spin",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,7,reference_content,"2 Altman R, Asch E, Block D, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of ","[322, 939, 700, 982]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 2 Altman R, Asch E, Block D, et al. Development of criteria ",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,8,reference_content,"3 Altman R, Fries J F, Bloch D A, et al. Radiographic assessment of progression in osteoarthritis. A","[322, 982, 701, 1025]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 3 Altman R, Fries J F, Bloch D A, et al. 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A 12 year follow up study in the general p","[322, 1238, 703, 1295]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 9 Schouten J S A G, van den Ouweland F A, Valkenburg H A. A ",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,15,reference_content,"10 Dieppe P, Cushnaghan J, McAlindon T. Epidemiology, clinical course and outcome of knee osteoarthr","[317, 1296, 703, 1364]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 10 Dieppe P, Cushnaghan J, McAlindon T. Epidemiology, clinic",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,16,reference_content,"11 Wevers H W, Siu D, Cooke T D V. A quantitative method of assessing malalignment and joint space l","[318, 1364, 703, 1405]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 11 Wevers H W, Siu D, Cooke T D V. 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Radiographic grading of the severity of knee osteoa","[718, 129, 1104, 214]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 17 Brandt K D, Fife R S, Braunstein E M, Katz B. Radiographi",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,23,reference_content,"18 Dacre J E, Huskisson E C. The automatic assessment of knee radiographs in osteoarthritis using di","[719, 215, 1106, 257]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 18 Dacre J E, Huskisson E C. The automatic assessment of kne",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,24,reference_content,"19 Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nguyen M, et al. Longitudinal radiologic evaluation of osteoarthritis of t","[719, 258, 1104, 299]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 19 Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nguyen M, et al. 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","[719, 385, 1105, 427]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 22 Altman R, Fries J F, Block D A, et al. Radiological asses",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,28,reference_content,"23 Adams M E, Wallace C J. Quantitative imaging of osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1991; 20: 2","[719, 428, 1104, 457]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 23 Adams M E, Wallace C J. Quantitative imaging of osteoarth",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,29,reference_content,"24 Jonsson K, Buckwalter K, Helvie M, Niklason L, Martel W. Precision of hyaline cartilage thickness","[720, 457, 1104, 500]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 24 Jonsson K, Buckwalter K, Helvie M, Niklason L, Martel W. ",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,30,reference_content,"25 Dacre J E, Coppock J S, Herbert K E, Perrett D, Huskisson E C. Development of a new radiographic ","[720, 499, 1106, 555]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 25 Dacre J E, Coppock J S, Herbert K E, Perrett D, Huskisson",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,31,reference_content,"26 Jasani M K. Diclofenac and the osteoarthritis disease process in cartilage. In: Moskowitz R, Hiro","[719, 556, 1106, 613]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 26 Jasani M K. Diclofenac and the osteoarthritis disease pro,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,32,reference_content,"27 Spector T D, Dacre J E, Harris P A, Huskisson E C. Radiological progression of osteoarthritis: an","[719, 612, 1106, 668]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 27 Spector T D, Dacre J E, Harris P A, Huskisson E C. Radiol",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,33,reference_content,"28 Browne M A, Gaydecki P A, Gough R F, Grennant D M, Khalil S I, Mamtora H. Radiographic image anal","[720, 668, 1106, 726]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 28 Browne M A, Gaydecki P A, Gough R F, Grennant D M, Khalil",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,34,reference_content,"29 Gaydecki P A, Browne M, Mamtora H, Grennant D M. Measurement of radiographic changes occurring in","[719, 727, 1107, 784]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 29 Gaydecki P A, Browne M, Mamtora H, Grennant D M. Measurem",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,35,reference_content,"30 Dacre J E, Scott D L, Da Silva J A P, Welsh G, Huskisson E C. Joint space in radiologically norma","[721, 783, 1106, 826]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 30 Dacre J E, Scott D L, Da Silva J A P, Welsh G, Huskisson ",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,36,reference_content,31 Buckland-Wright J C. X-ray assessment of activity in rheumatoid disease. Br J Rheumatol 1983; 22:,"[720, 827, 1107, 856]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 31 Buckland-Wright J C. X-ray assessment of activity in rheu,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,37,reference_content,32 Buckland-Wright J C. Microfocal radiographic examination of erosions in the wrist and hand of pat,"[721, 856, 1107, 897]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 32 Buckland-Wright J C. Microfocal radiographic examination ,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,38,reference_content,33 Buckland-Wright J C. A new high-definition microfocal x-ray unit. Br J Radiol 1989; 62: 201–8.,"[721, 899, 1107, 925]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 33 Buckland-Wright J C. A new high-definition microfocal x-r,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,39,reference_content,"34 Buckland-Wright J C, Bradshaw C R. Clinical applications of high definition microfocal radiograph","[721, 926, 1107, 968]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 34 Buckland-Wright J C, Bradshaw C R. Clinical applications ",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,40,reference_content,"35 Buckland-Wright J C. Carmichael I, Walker S R. Quantitative microfocal radiography accurately det","[721, 968, 1108, 1024]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 35 Buckland-Wright J C. Carmichael I, Walker S R. 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Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A, Clark B. ",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,44,reference_content,"39 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J. Relationship between joint space width and subchond","[721, 1181, 1108, 1238]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 39 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J. Relationshi",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,45,reference_content,"40 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Fogelman I, Emery P, Lynch J A. Technetium 99mm methylene di","[721, 1238, 1109, 1294]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 40 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Fogelman I, Emery P,",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,46,reference_content,"41 Macfarlane D G, Buckland-Wright J C, Emery P, Fogelman I, Lynch J. Comparison of clinical, radion","[721, 1294, 1108, 1351]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 41 Macfarlane D G, Buckland-Wright J C, Emery P, Fogelman I,",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,47,reference_content,"42 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A. Osteophytes in the arthritic hand: their incidenc","[722, 1350, 1108, 1404]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 42 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A. Osteophyt",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,48,reference_content,"43 Kellgren J H, Lawrence J S. Radiological assessment of osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957; 16: 49","[722, 1405, 1109, 1433]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 43 Kellgren J H, Lawrence J S. Radiological assessment of os",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -7,49,reference_content,44 Moll J M H. 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The form and function of the carpo-metacarpal,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,17,reference_content,"61 Backhouse K M, Hutchings R T. A colour atlas of surface anatomy, clinical and applied. Netherland","[714, 232, 1099, 272]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 61 Backhouse K M, Hutchings R T. A colour atlas of surface a",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,18,reference_content,"62 Tubiana R, Thomine J-M, Mackin E. Examination of hand and upper limb. Philadelphia: Saunders, 198","[713, 273, 1100, 302]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 62 Tubiana R, Thomine J-M, Mackin E. Examination of hand and",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,19,reference_content,"63 Jones A R, Unsworth A, Haslock I. A microcomputer controlled hand assessment system used for clin","[712, 302, 1098, 344]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 63 Jones A R, Unsworth A, Haslock I. A microcomputer control",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,20,reference_content,"64 Moskowitz R W. Experimental models of osteoarthritis. In: Moskowitz R W, Howell D S, Goldberg V M","[712, 345, 1099, 400]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 64 Moskowitz R W. Experimental models of osteoarthritis. In:,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,21,reference_content,"65 Radin E L, Paul I L, Rose R M. Role of mechanical factors in pathogenesis of primary osteoarthrit","[712, 401, 1098, 443]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 65 Radin E L, Paul I L, Rose R M. Role of mechanical factors",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,22,reference_content,66 Buckland-Wright J C. The early lesion in subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: a microfocal radiogr,"[711, 444, 1099, 527]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 66 Buckland-Wright J C. The early lesion in subchondral bone,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,23,reference_content,67 Sokoloff L. Loading and motion in relation to ageing and degeneration of joints: implications for,"[711, 529, 1098, 613]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 67 Sokoloff L. Loading and motion in relation to ageing and ,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,24,reference_content,68 Stecher R M. Heberden's nodes. A clinical description of osteoarthritis of the finger joints. Ann,"[711, 614, 1098, 656]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 68 Stecher R M. Heberden's nodes. A clinical description of ,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,25,reference_content,"69 Buckland-Wright J C. Imaging and measurement of change in osteoarthritis. In: Barrowclough D, ed.","[710, 658, 1099, 714]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 69 Buckland-Wright J C. Imaging and measurement of change in,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True -8,26,reference_content,"70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated measurement of interbone distance on macror","[711, 714, 1099, 771]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated mea",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +Division of Anatomy and +Cell Biology, +UMDS, Guy's Hospital, +London Bridge, +London SE1 9RT, +United Kingdom.","[114, 1496, 275, 1610]",frontmatter_support,0.75,"[""page-1 correspondence footnote: Correspondence to:\nDr J C Buckland-Wright,\nDivision of Anato""]",frontmatter_support,0.75,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,9,text,Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in peripheral joints with OA are based on measurements of distance and area in the radiographic image. Such measurements are obtained either directly,"[314, 1382, 706, 1610]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in periph""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,,body_like,none,False,False +1,10,text,,"[718, 358, 1112, 662]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,,unknown_like,empty,False,True +1,11,paragraph_title,Standard radiography,"[720, 700, 932, 722]",unknown_structural,0.5,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title on page 1 outside title zone: Standard radiography""]",section_heading,0.5,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,none,False,True +1,12,text,"The radiographic image is a shadow of the differential absorption of x rays by the tissues of the joint, where radiographic appearance of bony structures appears white to light grey and the radio-tran","[718, 722, 1112, 851]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +1,13,text,"Advantages Standard radiography is simple, cheap, easily accessible and well understood. The radiographs provide a permanent record which can be assessed at any stage during the disease process permit","[719, 850, 1112, 1022]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +1,14,text,Limitations The relatively large size of the x ray source of standard x ray tubes (usually 1 mm and at best 0·3 mm in diameter) demands that the object is placed close to the x ray plate resulting in ,"[719, 1022, 1112, 1298]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +1,15,text,"Apart from those investigators who have developed special stereotaxic devices for examining leg alignment $ ^{11,12} $ or knee joint motion, $ ^{13} $ there is no accepted method for positioning a joi","[719, 1298, 1114, 1609]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Apart from those investigators who have developed special st""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,,unknown_like,none,False,False +2,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[88, 62, 310, 84]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +2,1,number,269,"[1057, 61, 1089, 79]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False +2,2,image,,"[294, 111, 1087, 755]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True +2,3,figure_title,"Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic knee joints showing different degrees of joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes. The antero-posterior radiographs of t","[287, 770, 1088, 842]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic ""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +2,4,text,reliable assessment of joint space loss. The absence of any standards in the radio-anatomical positioning of joints results in variable radiographic images of a joint both within and between patients ,"[288, 867, 685, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,5,text,"but more often than not the plane of measurement is never defined. Further, no account is taken of the distance between the centre of the joint and the x ray film. Where this is fairly large, as in an","[694, 866, 1092, 1364]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow""]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +2,6,paragraph_title,Quantitative standard radiography,"[697, 1402, 1027, 1423]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative standard radiography""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +2,7,text,"Quantitative standard radiography has been applied primarily to joint space width (JSW) measurements in OA of the hip and knee, since assessment of articular cartilage thickness is important in evalua","[696, 1421, 1092, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,0,number,270,"[116, 66, 149, 86]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +3,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[992, 68, 1112, 89]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +3,2,text,"standardisation of the position of the hip and knee and reproducible repositioning of the joints on successive examinations. $ ^{12} $ $ ^{24} $ However, in these studies JSW measurements were carried","[315, 124, 708, 381]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,3,text,"In the former, Martel's group at Michigan University, undertook to define the precision of hyaline cartilage thickness measurements. $ ^{24} $ They used a small sourced x ray tube (0·3 mm focal spot) ","[314, 380, 708, 1237]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,4,text,The development of microcomputers and image analysis technique has provided the means of obtaining an accurate and reproducible method for measuring changes in joint anatomy and for handling large amo,"[313, 1237, 707, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,5,text,,"[719, 126, 1116, 728]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +3,6,paragraph_title,Microfocal radiography,"[722, 766, 948, 789]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Microfocal radiography""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +3,7,text,Microfocal x ray units are characterised by an extremely small x ray source (<15 µm in diameter) which allows radiographs to be taken at high magnification with very fine detail recorded in the film. ,"[720, 788, 1113, 1025]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,8,text,"Advantages of microfocal radiography are those characteristic of an extremely small x ray source. Large object magnifications are obtained ranging from ×2 to ×20, although, macroradiographs are more u","[719, 1027, 1114, 1611]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[91, 62, 312, 85]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +4,1,number,271,"[1059, 58, 1090, 77]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +4,2,image,,"[95, 114, 677, 425]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True +4,3,image,,"[95, 433, 681, 736]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True +4,4,figure_title,"Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee joints with medial compartment involvement, in the weight bearing standing A) and loaded tunnel B) views. In the medial compartment the ant","[92, 753, 681, 840]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +4,5,text,"resolution, makes it possible to detect structural detail virtually at the histological level $ ^{34} $ and to carry out direct accurate measurement of the x ray features characteristic of arthritis w","[295, 865, 687, 973]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,6,text,Limitations are also a function of the small x ray source size. The smallness of the source limits the output of an x ray tube and results in longer exposure times. This restriction has been largely o,"[295, 972, 688, 1122]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,7,text,Care and accuracy are needed in positioning the patient in relation to the source. This requires specially developed apparatus enabling the patient to keep still and to maintain the position of their ,"[295, 1121, 689, 1380]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,8,paragraph_title,Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure,"[296, 1417, 656, 1459]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +4,9,text,"Stereotaxic devices are used to position each patient accurately and reproducibly. The centre of the joint under examination (the middle phalanx in the hand, the joint space in the knee and the femora","[295, 1459, 689, 1607]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,10,text,,"[698, 113, 1095, 588]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +4,11,text,The anatomical sites within the macroradiograph used in defining the boundaries for the measurement of a feature are described precisely. Steroscopic examination of the macroradiographs identified the,"[700, 586, 1094, 757]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,12,text,Femur: the distal convex margin of the condyle (fig 2).,"[703, 758, 1093, 800]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,13,text,"Tibia, medial compartment: a line extending from near the tibial spine to the medial or outer margin, across the centre of the floor of the articular fossa in the mid-coronal plane of the joint. This ","[701, 800, 1096, 1249]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,14,text,A detailed description of the method of measuring radiographic features and the accuracy in recording them is reported elsewhere. $ ^{35} $ $ ^{36} $ $ ^{38} $ $ ^{39} $ This showed that the precision,"[701, 1248, 1098, 1607]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,0,number,272,"[114, 59, 147, 78]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +5,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[989, 61, 1109, 82]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +5,2,paragraph_title,Quantitative microfocal radiography,"[314, 116, 658, 139]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative microfocal radiography""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +5,3,text,"Measurement of the radiographic features of OA of the hand and their change over an 18 month study period $ ^{38-42} $ determined the distribution, extent and progression of the different x ray featur","[313, 139, 706, 548]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,4,paragraph_title,Joint space width,"[313, 585, 480, 607]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Joint space width""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True +5,5,text,Joint space narrowing is considered the most important radiological feature of OA but its accuracy in measuring true cartilage loss has been questioned. $ ^{16} $ To overcome this problem we carried o,"[311, 608, 706, 906]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,6,text,"In patients with early, but definite OA of the hand, JSW measurements showed that 56% of the patients had an increase in the interbone distance compared with the reference value obtained from healthy ","[313, 906, 706, 1058]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,7,text,,"[717, 117, 1112, 419]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +5,8,paragraph_title,"Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes","[717, 456, 1072, 521]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral scl""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +5,9,text,The results of the studies of OA of the hand $ ^{38} $ and knee $ ^{45} $ showed that the extent of subchondral sclerosis and osteophytosis was significantly advanced in these joints in over half of t,"[717, 521, 1114, 1059]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,10,image,,"[324, 1090, 1102, 1539]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True +5,11,figure_title,"Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of a patient with hand OA, showing the mineralised cartilage zone extending into the existing articular cartilage space, contribut","[316, 1548, 1053, 1601]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalange""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +6,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[93, 67, 315, 89]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +6,1,number,273,"[1061, 68, 1093, 86]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +6,2,text,"cartilage, measured as joint space narrowing, is a late stage phenomenon of osteoarthritis.","[294, 124, 686, 168]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,3,text,"In the OA hand, the pattern of increased sclerosis and osteophytosis $ ^{39} $ at the joints of the wrist and hand was found to coincide with that attributed to the distribution of mechanical forces i","[293, 169, 688, 466]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,4,text,"Evaluation of the pattern of joint space narrowing in the OA hand patients, during the study, showed no association between this feature and the pattern of normal force distribution in the hand, descr","[292, 465, 686, 959]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,5,text,"The results of these investigations show that by using accurate and precise radiographic procedures and methods of measurement, it is possible to detect early OA and to evaluate its severity and progr","[290, 957, 685, 1214]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,6,text,"The greater sensitivity of this technique, compared with standard radiography, has improved the chances of measuring the effect of a 'disease modifying' agent, particularly in patients with radiologic","[287, 1213, 683, 1614]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,7,text,,"[700, 124, 1096, 363]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +6,8,paragraph_title,Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radiography,"[700, 403, 1075, 447]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radi""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +6,9,footer,,"[700, 426, 1075, 447]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False +6,10,text,"As described above, quantitative microfocal radiography can measure progression, in hand and knee OA, within a reasonably short period of time, providing information on the natural history of the dise","[698, 441, 1093, 917]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,11,text,"Equipment: Accurate measurement within the plain film radiograph is dependent on good spatial resolution. This is determined by the smallness of the x ray source, the use of fine grain film or a high ","[696, 917, 1093, 1152]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,12,text,Patients: Standardisation of the radioanatomical position of the joint is necessary so that the appearance of the joint is the same both within and between patients on successive x ray visits. This is,"[695, 1152, 1090, 1428]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,13,text,Measurement: The boundaries or limits of the radiographic feature to be measured must be defined precisely. Computerised measurement systems which reduce inter-observer variation either through increa,"[693, 1427, 1089, 1617]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +7,0,number,274,"[110, 71, 143, 90]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +7,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[986, 71, 1104, 91]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +7,2,text,analysis and overall reduce the time taken for the mensural procedures.,"[310, 127, 699, 173]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +7,3,paragraph_title,Conclusion,"[310, 212, 423, 233]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion""]",section_heading,0.9,body_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True +7,4,text,"To measure OA progression, it is necessary to establish a universally acceptable method for accurate and reproducible and quantitative assessment of changes in joint structure. This will require more ","[310, 235, 701, 705]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True +7,5,text,"I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Charles Hutton for inviting me to write this article and to numerous colleagues who have collaborated in our studies in osteoarthritis, in particular Dr Diana Macf","[312, 721, 702, 827]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +7,6,reference_content,"1 Resnick D, Niwayama G. Degenerative diseases of extra-spinal locations. In: Resnick D, Niwayama G, eds. Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988: 1365–479.","[323, 882, 700, 939]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 1 Resnick D, Niwayama G. 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Imaging and measurement of change in""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +8,26,reference_content,"70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated measurement of interbone distance on macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knees using the symmetric axis transformation. Br J Radiol 1992; 65: 23","[711, 714, 1099, 771]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated mea""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True diff --git a/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/TSCKAVIS/block_trace.csv b/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/TSCKAVIS/block_trace.csv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..598c2123 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/TSCKAVIS/block_trace.csv @@ -0,0 +1,310 @@ +page,block_id,raw_label,content_preview,bbox,role,role_confidence,evidence,seed_role,seed_confidence,zone,style_family,marker_type,render_default,index_default +1,0,header,nature reviews endocrinology,"[74, 79, 430, 112]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,1,header,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-024-00969-x,"[778, 80, 1125, 105]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,2,header,Check for updates,"[958, 185, 1125, 211]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False +1,3,text,Review article,"[75, 185, 216, 212]",non_body_insert,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False +1,4,doc_title,Metabolic regulation of skeletal cell fate and function,"[76, 235, 969, 375]",paper_title,0.6,"[""page-1 frontmatter title guard: Metabolic regulation of skeletal cell fate and function""]",paper_title,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,5,paragraph_title,Steve Stegen Ⓤ & Geert Carmeliet Ⓤ ✉ Abstract,"[74, 443, 421, 505]",authors,0.6,"[""author byline on page 1, assigned as authors: Steve Stegen \u24ca & Geert Carmeliet \u24ca \u2709 Abstract""]",authors,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,6,footer,,"[75, 480, 167, 505]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,empty,False,False +1,7,abstract,Bone development and bone remodelling during adult life are highly anabolic processes requiring an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts inte,"[73, 542, 858, 1254]",abstract_body,0.85,"[""abstract label from Paddle OCR""]",abstract_body,0.85,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,8,table,<,"[871, 487, 1123, 1124]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,9,text,Conclusions,"[874, 1125, 980, 1149]",non_body_insert,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,frontmatter_main_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,False,False +1,10,footnote,"Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. e-mail: geert.carmeliet@kuleuven.be","[75, 1449, 825, 1494]",footnote,0.7,"[""footnote label: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Depar""]",footnote,0.7,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True +1,11,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1522, 556, 1544]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False +1,12,number,399,"[1088, 1523, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False +2,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 307, 117]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False +2,1,paragraph_title,Key points,"[76, 221, 182, 247]",structured_insert,0.7,"[""structured insert label: key points""]",structured_insert_candidate,0.7,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False +2,2,table,"
Sections
Introduction
Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis
A general overview of cell metabolism
• Skeletal stem and progenitor cells display a high metabolic flexibility, and are likely to adapt to changing microenvironments.
• Osteoblasts use glycolysis and fatty","[73, 270, 591, 738]",structured_insert,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +2,3,vision_footnote,"• Metabolic disturbance is linked to skeletal cell dysfunction during bone pathology, and bone-metastatic and leukaemic cells hijack skeletal cell metabolism to support their tumorigenic spread.","[74, 675, 566, 743]",structured_insert,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: \u2022 Metabolic disturbance is linked to skeletal cell dysfuncti""]",footnote,0.7,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False +2,4,paragraph_title,Introduction,"[76, 780, 210, 803]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Introduction""]",section_heading,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True +2,5,text,"The skeleton has been considered to be a metabolically active organ for decades $ ^{1-3} $. The formation of bone, and also its maintenance throughout life, rely on highly anabolic, nutrient-consuming","[73, 805, 593, 1192]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,6,text,"Technological developments have enabled scientists to thoroughly analyse cell metabolism in vitro and even in vivo. Most studies have been performed in the context of cancer biology, but more recently","[73, 1192, 593, 1386]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,7,text,,"[606, 222, 1126, 289]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +2,8,text,"In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of fuel selection and intermediary metabolic pathways in bone cells during bone formation, and how metabolic dysfunction can contribute to skelet","[73, 1385, 594, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,9,paragraph_title,Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis,"[607, 306, 1098, 352]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +2,10,text,Skeletal development strongly depends on the differentiation and activity of phenotypically distinct cell types that are derived from different lineages. The mesenchymal lineage gives rise to bone-for,"[606, 353, 1126, 483]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,11,text,"The different mature mesenchymal cell types are not derived from a single stem cell but from a diverse set of skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs), which are found in distinct anatomical niches ","[606, 483, 1127, 675]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,12,text,Osteoblasts derive from all subtypes of SSPCs and typically produce a collagenous extracellular matrix that later on becomes mineralized. Most terminally differentiated osteoblasts become progressivel,"[606, 675, 1128, 1322]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,13,text,"The formation of bone tissue is balanced by the action of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, which are myeloid lineage cells that remove damaged or fatigued bone through local dissolution of bone mineral and","[605, 1320, 1128, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +2,14,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +2,15,number,400,"[1086, 1524, 1125, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +3,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 116]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False +3,1,figure_title,Table 1 | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types using transgenic mouse models,"[77, 222, 815, 249]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 1 | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types ""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +3,2,table,"
GeneCre driverPhenotypeCell functionMetabolismRefs.
SSPCs
Glut1Prrx1No effec","[74, 248, 1124, 1498]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +3,3,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 557, 1544]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +3,4,number,401,"[1091, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +4,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 81, 308, 117]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False +4,1,figure_title,Table 1 (continued) | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types using transgenic mouse models,"[77, 222, 917, 248]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 1 (continued) | In vivo metabolic studies in different""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True +4,2,table,"
GeneCre driverPhenotypeCell functionMetabolismRefs.
Chondrocytes (continued)
Elovl6Sy","[77, 241, 1124, 903]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,3,vision_footnote,"This table summarizes the most important in vivo studies mentioned in the main text.?, mechanism is not yet fully understood; αKG, α-ketoglutarate; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; AMPK, AMP-activated prote","[73, 905, 1083, 975]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: This table summarizes the most important in vivo studies men""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,4,paragraph_title,A general overview of cell metabolism,"[75, 1017, 469, 1041]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: A general overview of cell metabolism""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +4,5,text,"Historically, most studies in the bone field focused on identifying the nutritional sources and metabolic pathways that support the synthesis of ATP. The main cellular bioenergetic hub consists of the","[73, 1041, 595, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,6,text,,"[606, 1019, 1127, 1214]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +4,7,text,"In addition to ATP production, many other metabolic pathways produce intermediates with additional regulatory roles (Fig. 2). For example, metabolites such as citrate, α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate can","[605, 1212, 1128, 1496]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +4,8,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +4,9,number,402,"[1088, 1524, 1126, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +5,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 307, 115]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +5,1,paragraph_title,Skeletal cell metabolism is more than just bioenergetics Cell metabolism of SSPCs and osteogenic and adipogenic descendants,"[74, 220, 548, 308]",section_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Skeletal cell metabolism is more than just bioenergetics Cel""]",section_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +5,2,footer,,"[74, 266, 548, 308]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False +5,3,text,"SSPCs are metabolically flexible cells. SSPCs are essential for bone development and maintenance, but insights into their in vivo metabolic profile are still limited, mainly because of technical limit","[73, 309, 594, 675]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,4,text,"Of the different nutrients, glucose has long been considered to be the most important for SSPC function (Fig. 3), as evidenced by in vitro deprivation studies. Intriguingly, deletion of the glucose tr","[73, 675, 594, 1192]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,5,text,"Besides glucose, fatty acids are also a possible nutritional source for SSPCs, as these cells express several fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-related genes $ ^{30} $ (Fig. 3). However, carnitine palmitoylt","[73, 1192, 593, 1343]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,6,text,"Concerning amino acid metabolism, the amino acid sensor GCN2 (also known as eIF2AK4) controls the proliferation of bone marrow SSPCs and their progeny. GCN2 becomes activated when intracellular free a","[73, 1342, 594, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,7,text,,"[605, 223, 1125, 352]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +5,8,text,The lack of an in vivo bone phenotype when important metabolic transporters or enzymes are deleted suggests that SSPCs display a high metabolic plasticity. This metabolic flexibility is probably neede,"[605, 353, 1128, 568]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,9,text,"In addition, the high metabolic plasticity of SSPCs provides strategic opportunities for tissue engineering approaches, whereby cells have to be transplanted in the avascular environment of the fractu","[605, 568, 1127, 765]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +5,10,image,,"[610, 799, 1126, 1337]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True +5,11,figure_title,"Fig. 1 | Differentiation of bone-resident cell types. The mesenchymal lineage gives rise to skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPC) that can differentiate into cartilage-forming chondrocytes, bone-f","[606, 1353, 1122, 1494]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 1 | Differentiation of bone-resident cell types. The me""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +5,12,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +5,13,number,403,"[1088, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +6,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 117]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False +6,1,image,,"[78, 223, 1121, 1037]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True +6,2,text,"Fig. 2 | Metabolic features of skeletal cells. Environmental cues lead to intracellular signalling, which in turn causes metabolic reprogramming. The metabolic pathways important for this Review inclu","[74, 1051, 583, 1214]",figure_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""figure prefix matched: Fig. 2 | Metabolic features of skeletal cells. Environmental"", ""long text, reduced confidence"", ""near figure media assets""]",figure_caption,0.9,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +6,3,vision_footnote,"histone and DNA modification to control skeletal cell fate and differentiation. Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CI–CIV, different complexes (C) of the ETC; CoQ, coenzyme","[607, 1050, 1119, 1194]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: histone and DNA modification to control skeletal cell fate a""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,4,text,"maintain redox and energy balance and sustain proliferation $ ^{25} $. These metabolic changes also increase 2-hydroxyglutarate and succinate levels, which reduce ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA de","[73, 1277, 593, 1494]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,5,text,,"[606, 1277, 1126, 1364]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +6,6,text,"In summary, SSPCs display a high degree of metabolic plasticity, which enables them to function in changing microenvironments.","[606, 1364, 1125, 1408]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,7,text,"Osteoblasts use different nutrients to fulfil specific functions. Upon exposure to systemic or local osteogenic stimuli, SSPCs can differentiate into the osteogenic lineage. Osteoblasts are highly ana","[606, 1427, 1127, 1494]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +6,8,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +6,9,number,404,"[1088, 1524, 1125, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +7,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 80, 307, 115]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False +7,1,text,"cells that produce large amounts of matrix, but unlike other secretory skeletal cell types such as chondrocytes, they often localize close to blood vessels $ ^{40} $.","[74, 223, 593, 288]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +7,2,text,"Metabolically, osteoblast differentiation relies on GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake and Glut1 inactivation in cells expressing Sp7 (also known as osterix) reduces bone mass (Fig. 3). In osteoblasts, glu","[73, 289, 594, 420]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +7,3,text,,"[605, 223, 1128, 419]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +7,4,image,,"[82, 454, 1123, 1377]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True +7,5,text,"Fig. 3 | Metabolic profile of skeletal stem and progenitor cells, and their osteogenic and adipogenic descendants. Scheme of the metabolic profile, its regulation and importance for the function of sk","[74, 1392, 570, 1494]",figure_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""figure prefix matched: Fig. 3 | Metabolic profile of skeletal stem and progenitor c"", ""long text, reduced confidence"", ""near figure media assets""]",figure_caption,0.9,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +7,6,text,,"[613, 1392, 1132, 1475]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +7,7,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +7,8,number,405,"[1088, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +8,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 117]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +8,1,text,"or by being converted to malate by malic enzyme 2, especially during osteoblast differentiation $ ^{43} $. Malate is then considered to contribute to the malate–aspartate shuttle (MAS) that in osteobl","[73, 222, 594, 375]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,2,text,"Whether OXPHOS increases or decreases during osteoblast differentiation is still a matter of debate $ ^{43,45} $, and the contradictory observations might be explained by transient stage-specific fluc","[73, 374, 594, 849]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,3,text,"The availability of amino acids such as glutamine and proline is important for osteoblast functioning, primarily by supporting biosynthesis and redox homeostasis (Fig. 3). Proliferating osteoprogenito","[73, 848, 594, 1386]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,4,text,,"[605, 222, 1125, 311]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +8,5,text,"Metabolites not only regulate intracellular properties but can also function extracellularly. Citrate is such a metabolite as it is part of the TCA cycle and contributes to lipogenesis, but is also hi","[73, 1385, 594, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,6,text,,"[605, 310, 1127, 721]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +8,7,text,"Bone marrow adipocytes are a unique cell type. During ageing and in response to environmental or nutritional stimuli, marrow SSPCs or osteoadipogenic progenitors differentiate into BMAds, which progre","[606, 739, 1127, 1128]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,8,text,"Metabolically, the gene expression profile of adipogenic progenitors differs from that of osteogenic progenitors and is characterized by increased OXPHOS, but these in vitro data still need in vivo co","[605, 1127, 1128, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +8,9,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1522, 557, 1544]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +8,10,number,406,"[1087, 1524, 1126, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +9,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 115]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +9,1,text,"of Adipo-CAR cells and BMAds, and their metabolic interaction with surrounding skeletal and haematopoietic cells, is likely to contribute to our understanding of the bone phenotype in obesity, diabete","[73, 223, 594, 291]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,2,paragraph_title,Growth plate chondrocytes are adapted to a specific metabolic microenvironment,"[73, 306, 526, 352]",section_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Growth plate chondrocytes are adapted to a specific metaboli""]",section_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +9,3,text,"During long-bone development, SSPCs not only differentiate into osteoblasts and BMAds, but also give rise to chondrocytes in the early phases of the developmental process $ ^{16} $. Chondrocytes are u","[73, 353, 595, 744]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,4,text,,"[605, 223, 1127, 589]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +9,5,text,"Glucose, taken up mainly by GLUT1, a process regulated by BMP-HIF1α $ ^{27} $, appears to be an essential nutrient for chondrocytes (Fig. 4b), as conditional Glut1 deletion decreases their proliferati","[605, 589, 1127, 743]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,6,image,,"[82, 782, 442, 1213]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True +9,7,image,,"[462, 778, 1119, 1401]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True +9,8,figure_title,"Fig. 4 | Metabolic regulation of chondrocyte function. a, Low lipid availability and low oxygen levels increase SOX9 expression, which stimulates the differentiation of skeletal stem and progenitor ce","[74, 1412, 582, 1494]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 4 | Metabolic regulation of chondrocyte function. a, Lo""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +9,9,vision_footnote,"chondrocyte function. Acan, aggrecan; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; GLS1, glutaminase 1; GSH, glutathione; HIF, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor; PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; ROS, reactiv","[606, 1412, 1114, 1493]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: chondrocyte function. Acan, aggrecan; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzym""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +9,10,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 557, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +9,11,number,407,"[1088, 1524, 1125, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +10,0,header,Review article,"[77, 81, 308, 117]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +10,1,text,"are equally important for chondrocyte function (for example, by supporting biosynthetic processes). Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the serine synthesis pathway (SS","[73, 223, 594, 719]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,2,text,"The observation that TCA cycle anaplerosis by glucose is rather limited in chondrocytes suggests that these cells rely on other nutritional sources. Fatty acids are not a likely candidate, as these re","[73, 719, 594, 1149]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,3,text,"Although exogenous fatty acids seem to have minimal importance for chondrocyte function, glutamine has been shown to complement glucose in supporting chondrocyte anabolism as part of a feedforward pro","[73, 1150, 593, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,4,text,,"[605, 223, 1126, 355]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True +10,5,paragraph_title,Metabolic adaptations during osteoclast differentiation,"[606, 371, 1026, 416]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic adaptations during osteoclast differentiation""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +10,6,text,Bone homeostasis and quality depend on a well-adjusted balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation critically depends on the production of RANKL (encoded by Tnfsf11) by ost,"[605, 418, 1128, 1406]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,7,text,"Besides fatty acids, glucose is another major nutrient for osteoclasts. GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake increases during osteoclast differentiation and is associated not only with enhanced OXPHOS but al","[604, 1407, 1128, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +10,8,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 557, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False +10,9,number,408,"[1088, 1524, 1125, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False +11,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 115]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +11,1,image,,"[82, 228, 1111, 848]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True +11,2,figure_title,"Fig. 5 | Metabolic regulation of osteoclast differentiation and activity. a, M-CSF and RANKL induce the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors to mature active osteoclasts by regulating the metabol","[74, 868, 541, 970]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 5 | Metabolic regulation of osteoclast differentiation ""]",figure_caption,0.92,tail_nonref_hold_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False +11,3,vision_footnote,"palmitoyltransferase 2; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Me, methyl; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation","[607, 867, 1123, 971]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: palmitoyltransferase 2; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; FAO, fa""]",footnote,0.7,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +11,4,text,"for ATP synthesis $ ^{110,111} $. Glut1 deletion impairs glycolysis more than it impairs OXPHOS, and it also decreases in vitro osteoclastogenesis (Fig. 5b). Interestingly, Glut1 deletion in Lyz2-expr","[73, 1040, 593, 1342]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +11,5,text,"Amino acid metabolism also contributes to osteoclastogenesis, although, for some amino acids, the exact metabolic mechanism is not fully understood. Preosteoclasts take up glutamine via SLC1A5, which ","[74, 1342, 594, 1495]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True +11,6,text,,"[605, 1040, 1128, 1494]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True +11,7,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,False,False +11,8,number,409,"[1088, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +12,0,header,Review article,"[77, 81, 307, 117]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +12,1,text,line with the observation that Tie2-Cre-mediated deletion of Arg1 does not affect osteoclast properties at baseline $ ^{117} $. Whether Arg1-conditional knockout mice are more susceptible to inflammat,"[74, 222, 593, 356]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True +12,2,paragraph_title,Metabolic disturbance during bone pathology,"[74, 371, 548, 397]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic disturbance during bone pathology""]",subsection_heading,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +12,3,text,"Most studies investigating skeletal cell metabolism have been performed during bone development, but more recent evidence suggests that alterations in specific metabolic pathways underly skeletal path","[73, 397, 593, 484]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True +12,4,paragraph_title,Metabolic dysfunction in osteoarthritic chondrocytes is associated with disease progression,"[73, 502, 542, 547]",section_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Metabolic dysfunction in osteoarthritic chondrocytes is asso""]",section_heading,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +12,5,text,"Osteoarthritis is a complex, multifactorial disease that is characterized by the progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage and structural changes to the entire joint, leading to severe disa","[73, 546, 594, 851]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True +12,6,paragraph_title,Box 1 Osteoarthritis: a largely unmet clinical problem,"[87, 891, 554, 1021]",structured_insert,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Box 1 Osteoarthritis: a largely unmet clinical problem""]",subsection_heading,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,heading_like,none,False,False +12,7,footer,,"[87, 939, 554, 1021]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,False +12,8,text,"Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative joint disease, and occurs with increasing prevalence due to our ageing population. It represents a major public health burden, as current therapies are l","[84, 1039, 572, 1475]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +12,9,text,,"[605, 223, 1127, 612]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True +12,10,text,"Osteoarthritic chondrocytes also display changes in lipid metabolism, as evidenced by increased cholesterol uptake, increased expression of cholesterol hydroxylases (CH25H and CYP7B1) and enhanced pro","[605, 612, 1127, 805]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +12,11,text,"Finally, amino acid-metabolizing pathways also appear to be altered in osteoarthritic chondrocytes $ ^{32} $, although in vivo data are still limited. ARG2, which converts the conditionally essential ","[605, 805, 1128, 1107]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +12,12,paragraph_title,Metabolic alterations in osteolineage cells during diabetic bone loss,"[607, 1124, 1116, 1169]",unknown_structural,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic alterations in osteolineage cells during diabetic ""]",subsection_heading,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,heading_like,none,False,True +12,13,text,"There is increasing evidence that diabetes is associated with increased bone fracture risk, although the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood and are probably multiface","[606, 1170, 1128, 1495]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +12,14,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,False,False +12,15,number,410,"[1091, 1524, 1126, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +13,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 115]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False +13,1,text,"that bone marrow SSPCs from these diabetic mice display a reduction in glycolysis, which is associated with decreased expression of osteogenic genes $ ^{129} $. Glut1 deletion in Sp7-expressing osteol","[73, 223, 594, 570]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +13,2,paragraph_title,Are malignant cells in the bone environment metabolically adapted?,"[73, 587, 529, 631]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Are malignant cells in the bone environment metabolically ad""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True +13,3,text,"Metastatic cancer cells are considered to have a specific metabolic profile that is adapted to the local microenvironment of the tissue they home to $ ^{[131,132]} $, but whether tumour cells that for","[73, 634, 594, 1063]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +13,4,text,"The bone microenvironment also contributes to the progression of haematological malignancies by influencing their metabolic profile, often by unidirectional or bidirectional metabolite exchange $ ^{13","[73, 1064, 594, 1495]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +13,5,text,,"[604, 223, 1127, 399]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,,unknown_like,empty,False,True +13,6,paragraph_title,Conclusions,"[608, 415, 744, 438]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Conclusions""]",section_heading,0.9,body_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True +13,7,text,"Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in unravelling skeletal cell metabolism and its contribution to cell-specific behaviour. These findings highlight that nutrient availability ch","[605, 438, 1127, 697]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +13,8,text,"However, several questions remain to be answered. For example, are metabolic interactions between different skeletal cell types important? Is the metabolism of skeletal cells altered during bone patho","[605, 697, 1128, 1088]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True +13,9,paragraph_title,Published online: 18 March 2024 References,"[608, 1106, 856, 1168]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Published online: 18 March 2024 References""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False +13,10,footer,,"[609, 1150, 702, 1168]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,empty,False,False +13,11,reference_content,"1. Peck, W. A., Birge, S. J. Jr. & Fedak, S. A. Bone cells: biochemical and biological studies after enzymatic isolation. Science 146, 1476–1477 (1964).","[609, 1169, 1108, 1201]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 1. Peck, W. A., Birge, S. J. Jr. & Fedak, S. A. 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Multiple myeloma cells induce lipol""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True +15,63,paragraph_title,Acknowledgements,"[610, 1102, 767, 1119]",backmatter_heading,0.8,"[""backmatter heading on page 15: Acknowledgements""]",backmatter_heading_candidate,0.8,,unknown_like,short_fragment,True,True +15,64,text,"The authors thank Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Flanders for funding: EOS-GOF8218N, GOB3418N, GOC5120, G071321N, Hercules-I013518N.","[609, 1120, 1054, 1152]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +15,65,paragraph_title,Author contributions,"[609, 1166, 773, 1183]",backmatter_heading,0.8,"[""backmatter heading on page 15: Author contributions""]",backmatter_heading_candidate,0.8,,support_like,none,True,True +15,66,text,The authors contributed equally to all aspects of the article.,"[609, 1184, 937, 1200]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +15,67,paragraph_title,Competing interests,"[610, 1214, 770, 1231]",backmatter_heading,0.8,"[""backmatter heading on page 15: Competing interests""]",backmatter_heading_candidate,0.8,,unknown_like,short_fragment,True,True +15,68,text,The authors declare no competing interests.,"[613, 1235, 854, 1248]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +15,69,paragraph_title,Additional information,"[609, 1261, 785, 1279]",backmatter_heading,0.5,"[""backmatter boundary candidate: Additional information""]",backmatter_boundary_candidate,0.5,,unknown_like,none,True,True +15,70,text,"Peer review information Nature Reviews Endocrinology thanks Martina Rauner, Ryan Riddle and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.","[608, 1280, 1109, 1313]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +15,71,text,Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.,"[608, 1328, 1084, 1361]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,support_like,none,True,True +15,72,text,Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving,"[607, 1376, 1104, 1441]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +15,73,text,© Springer Nature Limited 2024,"[608, 1455, 789, 1473]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True +15,74,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[76, 1524, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,none,False,False +15,75,number,413,"[1092, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False