diff --git a/docs/note-type-migration-decisions.md b/docs/note-type-migration-decisions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ef8d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/note-type-migration-decisions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Anki Note Type 自动迁移实现决策
+
+本文锁定本轮“同步时自动原地迁移 Anki note type”的仓库兼容实现方案。
+
+## 1. 作用域决策
+
+- 覆盖两条同步路径：
+  - 普通卡 AnkiBatchExecutor
+  - QA Group QaGroupSyncService
+- 不改 PluginState schema。
+- 不引入“迁移失败时自动新建替代 note”的 fallback。
+
+## 2. Gateway 合同决策
+
+- 在 src/application/ports/AnkiGateway.ts 新增：
+  - UpdateAnkiNoteModelInput
+  - updateNoteModel(input)
+- 合同保持最小化：
+  - noteId
+  - modelName
+  - fields
+- 不把 source modelName 放进 gateway 入参。
+
+原因：source model 是调用方上下文，不是 AnkiConnect action 的必要输入；保持合同和计划中的最小 payload 一致更稳妥。
+
+## 3. AnkiConnect payload 决策
+
+- updateNoteModel 固定调用 action = updateNoteModel。
+- params 结构固定为：
+  - note.id
+  - note.modelName
+  - note.fields
+- 不从旧 note 读取字段并做转换。
+
+## 4. 错误上下文决策
+
+- Gateway 层只保证：
+  - action 名
+  - noteId
+  - target modelName
+  - 原始 AnkiConnect reason
+- source modelName 在服务层补上，并最终转成 PluginUserError。
+
+这是对计划的受控偏离：
+
+- 计划要求 gateway 直接保留 fromModel/toModel。
+- 仓库现实是 gateway 合同并不知道当前旧模型来自哪条业务路径。
+- 因此 fromModel 放在调用层补齐，能保持接口最小且不引入只为错误文案存在的冗余入参。
+
+## 5. QA Group note load 决策
+
+- 新增显式加载结果类型：
+  - missing
+  - matching
+  - model-mismatch
+- tryLoadQaGroupNote() 不再在 model mismatch 时直接抛普通 Error。
+
+## 6. QA Group 迁移流程决策
+
+- 先按当前 Markdown 和当前 QaGroupFieldMapping 生成目标 fields。
+- 容量校验继续使用：
+  - requiredSlots = 当前 block.items.length 或恢复后 resolvedItems.length
+  - targetCapacity = mapping.slots.length
+- 如果已有 noteId：
+  - missing -> addNote
+  - matching -> 保持现有 updateNote 逻辑
+  - model-mismatch -> updateNoteModel
+- 迁移成功后：
+  - noteId 保持不变
+  - tags 继续按当前 diff 同步
+  - deck 继续按当前逻辑迁移
+  - marker/state 继续按当前成功路径写回
+- 迁移失败后：
+  - 不 addNote
+  - 不删旧 note
+  - 不写 marker
+  - 不更新 syncedGroupBlocks
+  - 直接抛 PluginUserError
+
+## 7. QA Group 字段写入决策
+
+- 继续复用现有 buildQaGroupNoteFields() 语义：
+  - titleField 写当前 stem
+  - 已映射 question/answer slot 先清空
+  - 已使用 slot 写当前 Markdown 内容
+  - legacy internal fields 仅在旧托管模型字段存在时清空
+- 不写：
+  - GroupId
+  - Src
+  - Sxx_Id
+
+## 8. 普通卡迁移流程决策
+
+- AnkiBatchExecutor 新增 modelMigrationQueue。
+- 现有 toUpdate 分流规则改为：
+  - noteId 不存在或 summary 缺失 -> addQueue
+  - summary.modelName === renderedCard.noteModel -> updateQueue
+  - summary.modelName !== renderedCard.noteModel -> modelMigrationQueue
+- modelMigrationQueue 仍复用当前 mapFields()，即：
+  - 当前 rendered noteModel
+  - 当前 NoteFieldMappingService.mapRenderedCard()
+- 不允许为 mismatch 回退到 addNote。
+
+## 9. 普通卡 deck/tag 决策
+
+- 普通卡迁移成功后仍复用现有：
+  - tag diff -> syncNoteTags
+  - deck diff -> changeDecks
+- 不单独为迁移写新的 deck/tag 流程。
+
+## 10. 不支持跨卡片类型识别决策
+
+- 不尝试判断旧 note 原先属于哪种 Obsidian 卡片类型。
+- 当前行为只看：
+  - 这次同步解析出的 cardType
+  - 当前设置选中的 noteModel
+  - 旧 note summary.modelName 是否相同
+- 如果用户误把错误 noteId 绑定到别的卡片类型：
+  - 字段映射或 cloze 兼容性校验会阻止同步
+
+## 11. Unsupported fallback 决策
+
+- 如果 updateNoteModel 调用失败且 reason 显示 action 不存在或不支持：
+  - 抛 errors.noteTypeMigration.unsupported
+- 其它迁移失败：
+  - 抛 errors.noteTypeMigration.failed
+- 两种失败都不回退到 addNote。
+
+## 12. 统计决策
+
+- 新增 migratedNoteTypes 统计。
+- 向下游透传：
+  - AnkiBatchExecutionResult
+  - QaGroupSyncExecutionResult
+  - ManualSyncResult
+  - NoticeService sync summary
+- migratedNoteTypes 不替代 updated；迁移成功同时计入：
+  - updated
+  - migratedNoteTypes
+
+原因：迁移本质上也是一次内容更新，但单独暴露 migratedNoteTypes 更符合任务目标和用户心智。
+
+## 13. 通知文案决策
+
+- sync summary 增加 migratedNoteTypes。
+- 文案表达为“迁移模板”而非“迁移牌组”。
+- deck migration 继续保留现有 migratedDecks，避免混淆。
+
+## 14. 用户错误文案决策
+
+- 新增：
+  - errors.noteTypeMigration.failed
+  - errors.noteTypeMigration.unsupported
+- failed 文案必须包含：
+  - noteId
+  - fromModel
+  - toModel
+  - reason
+- unsupported 文案必须引导用户：
+  - 升级 AnkiConnect
+  - 或清理 noteId 后重同步
+
+## 15. 与计划的受控偏离
+
+- 偏离 1：source modelName 不放进 gateway 合同。
+  - 原因：这是业务上下文，不是 transport 层必需输入。
+- 偏离 2：第一版不会增加单独的“迁移开始提示” notice。
+  - 原因：当前 NoticeService 是结果汇总型通知，不适合在每张卡迁移前弹增量日志。
+  - 保留在错误和最终 summary 中呈现迁移信息即可。
+- 偏离 3：普通卡迁移继续沿用现有 changeDecks 批处理，而不是把 deckName 塞进 updateNoteModel。
+  - 原因：当前仓库 deck 迁移本来就是独立后处理，复用现有路径风险最小。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/note-type-migration-gap-report.md b/docs/note-type-migration-gap-report.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e5d03f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/note-type-migration-gap-report.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# Anki Note Type 自动迁移差距审计
+
+本文基于当前仓库真实实现，审计“同步时自动原地迁移 Anki note type”的落地差距。
+
+## 1. 实际同步主线
+
+- 真实入口在 src/application/services/ManualSyncService.ts。
+- 普通卡走：
+  - DiffPlannerService
+  - ManualCardRenderer
+  - AnkiBatchExecutor
+- QA Group 走：
+  - QaGroupSyncService
+- 最终状态更新、marker 写回、通知汇总都在 ManualSyncService 收口。
+
+这意味着本轮必须分别改普通卡和 QA Group 两条同步路径，不能只改一个共用入口。
+
+## 2. 当前 gateway 合同缺少 updateNoteModel
+
+- src/application/ports/AnkiGateway.ts 当前只有：
+  - addNote / addNotes
+  - updateNote / updateNotes
+  - syncNoteTags
+  - changeDecks
+- 没有 updateNoteModel。
+- src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.ts 也没有对应实现。
+
+结果：当前仓库根本没有“保留 noteId 原地切换 note model”的能力。
+
+## 3. 当前 AnkiConnect 错误上下文过弱
+
+- AnkiConnectGateway.invoke() 在 parsed.error 存在时直接抛出普通 Error(parsed.error)。
+- 当前错误里没有：
+  - action 名称
+  - noteId
+  - 目标 modelName
+  - 调用阶段上下文
+
+结果：即便后续接入 updateNoteModel，若不补上下文，用户只能看到原始 AnkiConnect 错误字符串，无法定位是哪张卡、哪个模型迁移失败。
+
+## 4. QA Group 当前对 model mismatch 直接抛普通 Error
+
+- src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.ts 的 tryLoadQaGroupNote() 里：
+  - note 不存在 -> 返回 undefined
+  - note 存在且 modelName 一致 -> 返回 note
+  - note 存在但 modelName 不一致 -> 直接抛普通 Error
+
+这与目标方案冲突：目标方案要求 model mismatch 进入“尝试迁移”分支，而不是直接失败。
+
+## 5. QA Group 的字段生成和容量判断已基本符合新方案
+
+- 当前 QA Group 字段值来源已经是：
+  - 当前 Markdown 解析结果
+  - 当前 QaGroupFieldMapping
+  - buildQaGroupNoteFields()
+- 当前已经：
+  - 先按 mapping.slots.length 做容量校验
+  - 将未使用 slot 字段写空字符串
+  - 不依赖旧 Anki 字段做字段转换
+  - 不写 GroupId / Src / Sxx_Id
+  - 只在旧托管模型字段存在时清空 legacy internal fields
+
+这说明 QA Group 迁移不需要重做字段生成规则，只需把 mismatch 分支接到 updateNoteModel。
+
+## 6. QA Group 当前 update/create 决策
+
+- 现有逻辑是：
+  - noteId 不存在 -> addNote
+  - noteId 存在但 Anki 中缺失 -> addNote
+  - noteId 存在且 model 匹配 -> 对比 fields/deck/tags 后 updateNote / syncNoteTags
+- 当前完全没有：
+  - noteId 存在且 model 不匹配 -> updateNoteModel
+
+因此 QA Group 迁移接入点非常明确：现有“已有 noteId”分支中，fields 已经先生成完成，只差把 mismatch 当作第三种状态处理。
+
+## 7. 普通卡当前只按 noteId 是否存在决定 add 还是 update
+
+- src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.ts 当前会先批量读取 getNoteSummaries(noteIds)。
+- 但 toUpdate 分支只检查：
+  - plannedCard.noteId 存在
+  - noteSummariesById.has(noteId)
+- 满足后就直接进入 updateQueue。
+- 后续 updateQueue 统一调用 updateNotes，不检查 summary.modelName 是否等于 renderedCard.noteModel。
+
+这与目标方案冲突：普通卡当前会在 model mismatch 时错误地走 updateNoteFields，而不是做 model migration。
+
+## 8. 普通卡目标字段生成已经可复用
+
+- AnkiBatchExecutor.mapFields() 已经统一通过：
+  - getModelDetails(renderedCard.noteModel)
+  - NoteFieldMappingService.mapRenderedCard(...)
+- NoteFieldMappingService 当前已经会：
+  - 用当前 noteModel 去查 settings 里的字段映射
+  - 在字段映射不完整、字段不存在、cloze 不兼容时抛 PluginUserError
+
+这说明普通卡迁移时无需引入旧 Anki 字段转换；直接复用现有 mapFields 即可满足“当前 Markdown + 当前设置映射是唯一权威”。
+
+## 9. 普通卡当前 deck/tag 迁移逻辑已独立存在
+
+- 普通卡路径中：
+  - fields 更新走 updateNotes
+  - tags 更新走 syncNoteTags
+  - deck 更新走 changeDecks
+- deck 迁移不和 updateNotes 绑定，而是通过 note summary 里的 cardIds 单独批量 changeDeck。
+
+这意味着普通卡 model migration 成功后，不需要重做 deck/tag 逻辑；只要保留现有后续队列即可。
+
+## 10. QA Group 当前 deck/tag/state/marker 流程也能复用
+
+- QA Group 当前在同一个循环里：
+  - 先生成 fields
+  - 再比较 fields/deck/tags
+  - 然后 updateNote / syncNoteTags
+  - 再写 markerWrites
+  - 再生成 syncedGroupBlocks
+- state 和 marker 都依赖 noteId，但目标方案要求 noteId 保持不变。
+
+这意味着 QA Group 迁移成功后，当前 state/marker 写回结构本身不需要改 schema，只要确保失败时不要继续写 marker 和 syncedGroupBlocks。
+
+## 11. 当前结果汇总里没有 note type migration 统计
+
+- 当前只有：
+  - AnkiBatchExecutionResult.updated
+  - QaGroupSyncExecutionResult.updated
+  - ManualSyncResult.updated
+  - migratedDecks
+- NoticeService 也只展示 migratedDecks，不展示 migratedNoteTypes。
+
+因此若要把 note type migration 作为独立统计透出，需要沿着：
+  - AnkiBatchExecutionResult
+  - QaGroupSyncExecutionResult
+  - ManualSyncResult
+  - NoticeService
+  - notice i18n
+  一路补字段。
+
+## 12. 当前 i18n 里缺少 note type migration 错误键
+
+- 现有字段映射错误和设置错误已经比较完整。
+- 但 src/presentation/i18n/messages/zh.ts 和 src/presentation/i18n/messages/en.ts 当前没有：
+  - errors.noteTypeMigration.failed
+  - errors.noteTypeMigration.unsupported
+
+结果：如果实现迁移失败或 AnkiConnect 不支持该 action，目前没有对应的用户可读错误出口。
+
+## 13. 当前测试面锁定了旧行为
+
+- AnkiConnectGateway.test.ts 还没有 updateNoteModel 覆盖。
+- AnkiBatchExecutor.test.ts 当前只覆盖：
+  - getModelDetails 缓存
+  - deck 迁移
+  - tag 同步
+  - create/update 常规流
+- QaGroupSyncService.test.ts 当前只覆盖：
+  - create
+  - matching model update
+  - missing note recreate
+  - tag/deck/backlink/slot 逻辑
+- FakeManualSyncAnkiGateway 也还没有 updateNoteModel 的记录能力。
+
+这意味着本轮必须先扩测试基座，再新增 mismatch 分支用例，否则无法验证行为。
+
+## 14. 结论
+
+当前仓库与目标方案的主要差距有五类：
+
+1. Gateway 合同没有 updateNoteModel。
+2. QA Group 在 model mismatch 时直接抛普通 Error。
+3. 普通卡在 model mismatch 时仍会走 updateNotes。
+4. i18n 和错误流缺少 note type migration 专用错误。
+5. 结果汇总和测试基座都还不知道 migrated note types。
+
+当前仓库里已可直接复用的基础设施也很明确：
+
+1. 普通卡和 QA Group 都已用当前 Markdown + 当前字段映射生成目标 fields。
+2. QA Group 容量校验已经按目标 mapping.slots.length 执行。
+3. state、marker、deck、tag 的成功路径都已存在，不需要改 schema。
+
+因此最安全的仓库兼容路径是：
+
+1. 新增 updateNoteModel gateway 能力。
+2. 在 QaGroupSyncService 把 note load 结果拆成 missing / matching / model-mismatch。
+3. 在 AnkiBatchExecutor 新增 modelMigrationQueue。
+4. 迁移成功后复用现有 tag/deck/state/marker 收尾逻辑。
+5. 迁移失败时抛 PluginUserError，并且不回退到 addNote。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/application/errors/noteTypeMigration.ts b/src/application/errors/noteTypeMigration.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfed6ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/application/errors/noteTypeMigration.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { PluginUserError } from "@/application/errors/PluginUserError";
+
+interface NoteTypeMigrationErrorInput {
+  noteId: number;
+  fromModel: string;
+  toModel: string;
+  error: unknown;
+  location?: string;
+}
+
+export function createNoteTypeMigrationError(input: NoteTypeMigrationErrorInput): PluginUserError {
+  const reason = normalizeNoteTypeMigrationReason(extractErrorMessage(input.error));
+
+  return new PluginUserError(
+    isUnsupportedNoteTypeMigrationError(input.error)
+      ? "errors.noteTypeMigration.unsupported"
+      : "errors.noteTypeMigration.failed",
+    {
+      noteId: input.noteId,
+      fromModel: input.fromModel,
+      toModel: input.toModel,
+      reason,
+      location: input.location ? ` (${input.location})` : "",
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+export function isUnsupportedNoteTypeMigrationError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  const message = extractErrorMessage(error).toLowerCase();
+  return message.includes("updatenotemodel")
+    && (
+      message.includes("unsupported action")
+      || message.includes("unknown action")
+      || message.includes("not supported")
+      || message.includes("unsupported")
+    );
+}
+
+function normalizeNoteTypeMigrationReason(message: string): string {
+  return message.replace(/^AnkiConnect updateNoteModel failed(?: for note \d+(?: to model .+?)?)?:\s*/i, "").trim();
+}
+
+function extractErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
+  if (error instanceof Error && error.message.trim().length > 0) {
+    return error.message.trim();
+  }
+
+  return String(error);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/application/ports/AnkiGateway.ts b/src/application/ports/AnkiGateway.ts
index 4180eeb..b64aca0 100644
--- a/src/application/ports/AnkiGateway.ts
+++ b/src/application/ports/AnkiGateway.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ export interface UpdateAnkiNoteInput {
   fields: Record<string, string>;
 }
 
+export interface UpdateAnkiNoteModelInput {
+  noteId: number;
+  modelName: string;
+  fields: Record<string, string>;
+}
+
 export interface SyncAnkiNoteTagsInput {
   noteId: number;
   addTags: string[];
@@ -68,6 +74,7 @@ export interface AnkiGateway {
   addNotes(inputs: AddAnkiNoteInput[]): Promise<number[]>;
   deleteNotes(noteIds: number[]): Promise<void>;
   updateNote(input: UpdateAnkiNoteInput): Promise<void>;
+  updateNoteModel(input: UpdateAnkiNoteModelInput): Promise<void>;
   updateNotes(inputs: UpdateAnkiNoteInput[]): Promise<void>;
   syncNoteTags(inputs: SyncAnkiNoteTagsInput[]): Promise<void>;
   changeDecks(inputs: ChangeDeckInput[]): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.test.ts b/src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.test.ts
index ed88d1d..609b807 100644
--- a/src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.test.ts
+++ b/src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.test.ts
@@ -193,14 +193,198 @@ describe("AnkiBatchExecutor", () => {
 
     expect(ankiGateway.syncedNoteTags).toEqual([]);
   });
+
+  it("migrates a basic note in place when the current note model changed", async () => {
+    const ankiGateway = new CountingAnkiGateway();
+    ankiGateway.modelDetailsByName["New Basic"] = { fieldNames: ["Front", "Back"], isCloze: false };
+    ankiGateway.noteSummariesById.set(300, {
+      noteId: 300,
+      modelName: "Old Basic",
+      cardIds: [700],
+      tags: ["old"],
+    });
+    const executor = new AnkiBatchExecutor(ankiGateway);
+    const updateCard = createPlannedCard("sync-migrate-basic", 300, "Obsidian", "New Basic", "basic");
+
+    const result = await executor.execute(
+      {
+        toCreate: [],
+        toUpdate: [updateCard],
+        toVerifyDeck: [updateCard],
+        toChangeDeck: [],
+        toRewriteMarker: [],
+        toOrphan: [],
+        unchangedCards: 0,
+        warnings: [],
+      },
+      new Map([[updateCard.card.syncKey, createRenderedSyncCard(updateCard)]]),
+      async (plannedCard) => createRenderedSyncCard(plannedCard),
+      {
+        ...createModule3Settings().noteFieldMappings,
+        "basic:New Basic": {
+          cardType: "basic",
+          modelName: "New Basic",
+          loadedFieldNames: ["Front", "Back"],
+          titleField: "Front",
+          bodyField: "Back",
+          loadedAt: 1,
+        },
+      },
+    );
+
+    expect(result.updated).toBe(1);
+    expect(result.migratedNoteTypes).toBe(1);
+    expect(ankiGateway.addedNotes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNotes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNoteModels).toEqual([
+      {
+        noteId: 300,
+        modelName: "New Basic",
+        fields: {
+          Front: "Heading sync-migrate-basic",
+          Back: "Body sync-migrate-basic",
+        },
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("migrates a cloze note in place when the current note model changed", async () => {
+    const ankiGateway = new CountingAnkiGateway();
+    ankiGateway.modelDetailsByName["New Cloze"] = { fieldNames: ["Text", "Extra"], isCloze: true };
+    ankiGateway.noteSummariesById.set(300, {
+      noteId: 300,
+      modelName: "Old Cloze",
+      cardIds: [700],
+    });
+    const executor = new AnkiBatchExecutor(ankiGateway);
+    const updateCard = createPlannedCard("sync-migrate-cloze", 300, "Obsidian", "New Cloze", "cloze");
+
+    const result = await executor.execute(
+      {
+        toCreate: [],
+        toUpdate: [updateCard],
+        toVerifyDeck: [updateCard],
+        toChangeDeck: [],
+        toRewriteMarker: [],
+        toOrphan: [],
+        unchangedCards: 0,
+        warnings: [],
+      },
+      new Map([[updateCard.card.syncKey, createRenderedSyncCard(updateCard)]]),
+      async (plannedCard) => createRenderedSyncCard(plannedCard),
+      {
+        ...createModule3Settings().noteFieldMappings,
+        "cloze:New Cloze": {
+          cardType: "cloze",
+          modelName: "New Cloze",
+          loadedFieldNames: ["Text", "Extra"],
+          mainField: "Text",
+          loadedAt: 1,
+        },
+      },
+    );
+
+    expect(result.updated).toBe(1);
+    expect(result.migratedNoteTypes).toBe(1);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNoteModels).toEqual([
+      {
+        noteId: 300,
+        modelName: "New Cloze",
+        fields: {
+          Text: "Heading sync-migrate-cloze<br><br>Body sync-migrate-cloze",
+        },
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps the current updateNotes path when the existing and target note models already match", async () => {
+    const ankiGateway = new CountingAnkiGateway();
+    ankiGateway.noteSummariesById.set(300, {
+      noteId: 300,
+      modelName: "Basic",
+      cardIds: [700],
+    });
+    const executor = new AnkiBatchExecutor(ankiGateway);
+    const updateCard = createPlannedCard("sync-update-basic", 300);
+
+    const result = await executor.execute(
+      {
+        toCreate: [],
+        toUpdate: [updateCard],
+        toVerifyDeck: [updateCard],
+        toChangeDeck: [],
+        toRewriteMarker: [],
+        toOrphan: [],
+        unchangedCards: 0,
+        warnings: [],
+      },
+      new Map([[updateCard.card.syncKey, createRenderedSyncCard(updateCard)]]),
+      async (plannedCard) => createRenderedSyncCard(plannedCard),
+      createModule3Settings().noteFieldMappings,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.updated).toBe(1);
+    expect(result.migratedNoteTypes).toBe(0);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNotes).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNoteModels).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("surfaces the existing mapping error instead of migrating when the target mapping is incomplete", async () => {
+    const ankiGateway = new CountingAnkiGateway();
+    ankiGateway.modelDetailsByName["New Basic"] = { fieldNames: ["Front", "Back"], isCloze: false };
+    ankiGateway.noteSummariesById.set(300, {
+      noteId: 300,
+      modelName: "Old Basic",
+      cardIds: [700],
+    });
+    const executor = new AnkiBatchExecutor(ankiGateway);
+    const updateCard = createPlannedCard("sync-migrate-error", 300, "Obsidian", "New Basic", "basic");
+
+    await expect(executor.execute(
+      {
+        toCreate: [],
+        toUpdate: [updateCard],
+        toVerifyDeck: [updateCard],
+        toChangeDeck: [],
+        toRewriteMarker: [],
+        toOrphan: [],
+        unchangedCards: 0,
+        warnings: [],
+      },
+      new Map([[updateCard.card.syncKey, createRenderedSyncCard(updateCard)]]),
+      async (plannedCard) => createRenderedSyncCard(plannedCard),
+      {
+        ...createModule3Settings().noteFieldMappings,
+        "basic:New Basic": {
+          cardType: "basic",
+          modelName: "New Basic",
+          loadedFieldNames: ["Front", "Back"],
+          titleField: "Front",
+          loadedAt: 1,
+        } as never,
+      },
+    )).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      userMessage: {
+        key: "errors.noteFieldMapping.incompleteSavedMapping.basic",
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNoteModels).toEqual([]);
+  });
 });
 
-function createPlannedCard(syncKey: string, noteId?: number, deck = "Obsidian"): PlannedCard {
+function createPlannedCard(
+  syncKey: string,
+  noteId?: number,
+  deck = "Obsidian",
+  noteModel = "Basic",
+  cardType: IndexedCard["cardType"] = "basic",
+): PlannedCard {
   return {
-    card: createIndexedCard(syncKey, noteId),
+    card: createIndexedCard(syncKey, noteId, cardType),
     noteId,
     deck,
-    noteModel: "Basic",
+    noteModel,
     renderConfigHash: "render-config",
   };
 }
@@ -220,14 +404,14 @@ function createRenderedSyncCard(plannedCard: PlannedCard): RenderedSyncCard {
   };
 }
 
-function createIndexedCard(syncKey: string, noteId?: number): IndexedCard {
+function createIndexedCard(syncKey: string, noteId?: number, cardType: IndexedCard["cardType"] = "basic"): IndexedCard {
   return {
     noteId,
     syncKey,
     idMarkerState: noteId ? "present-valid" : "missing",
     noteIdSource: noteId ? "marker" : undefined,
     filePath: "notes/example.md",
-    cardType: "basic",
+    cardType,
     heading: `Heading ${syncKey}`,
     backlinkHeadingText: `Heading ${syncKey}`,
     headingLevel: 4,
diff --git a/src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.ts b/src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.ts
index 13e19da..42b8de2 100644
--- a/src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.ts
+++ b/src/application/services/AnkiBatchExecutor.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { NoteModelFieldMapping } from "@/application/config/NoteModelFieldMapping";
+import { createNoteTypeMigrationError } from "@/application/errors/noteTypeMigration";
 import type { AnkiGateway } from "@/application/ports/AnkiGateway";
 import { BatchScheduler } from "@/application/services/BatchScheduler";
 import { NoteFieldMappingService } from "@/application/services/NoteFieldMappingService";
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import type { PlannedCard, ManualSyncPlan } from "@/domain/manual-sync/value-obj
 export interface AnkiBatchExecutionResult {
   created: number;
   updated: number;
+  migratedNoteTypes: number;
   migratedDecks: number;
   uploadedMedia: number;
   markerWrites: PlannedCard[];
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ export class AnkiBatchExecutor {
     const markerWriteMap = new Map<string, PlannedCard>();
     let created = 0;
     let updated = 0;
+    let migratedNoteTypes = 0;
     let migratedDecks = 0;
 
     const summaryIds = Array.from(new Set([
@@ -49,6 +52,11 @@ export class AnkiBatchExecutor {
 
     const addQueue: RenderedSyncCard[] = [];
     const updateQueue: Array<{ plannedCard: PlannedCard; renderedCard: RenderedSyncCard }> = [];
+    const modelMigrationQueue: Array<{
+      plannedCard: PlannedCard;
+      renderedCard: RenderedSyncCard;
+      summary: Awaited<ReturnType<AnkiGateway["getNoteSummaries"]>>[number];
+    }> = [];
     const changeDeckQueue: PlannedCard[] = [];
     const explicitDeckChangeSyncKeys = new Set(plan.toChangeDeck.map((plannedCard) => plannedCard.card.syncKey));
 
@@ -58,7 +66,14 @@ export class AnkiBatchExecutor {
 
     for (const plannedCard of plan.toUpdate) {
       if (plannedCard.noteId && noteSummariesById.has(plannedCard.noteId)) {
-        updateQueue.push({ plannedCard, renderedCard: await this.requireRenderedCard(plannedCard, renderedCards, renderOnDemand) });
+        const renderedCard = await this.requireRenderedCard(plannedCard, renderedCards, renderOnDemand);
+        const summary = noteSummariesById.get(plannedCard.noteId);
+
+        if (summary && summary.modelName !== renderedCard.noteModel) {
+          modelMigrationQueue.push({ plannedCard, renderedCard, summary });
+        } else {
+          updateQueue.push({ plannedCard, renderedCard });
+        }
         continue;
       }
 
@@ -109,7 +124,11 @@ export class AnkiBatchExecutor {
       (batch) => this.ankiGateway.ensureDecks(batch),
     );
 
-    const uploadedMedia = await this.uploadMedia([...addQueue, ...updateQueue.map((entry) => entry.renderedCard)]);
+    const uploadedMedia = await this.uploadMedia([
+      ...addQueue,
+      ...updateQueue.map((entry) => entry.renderedCard),
+      ...modelMigrationQueue.map((entry) => entry.renderedCard),
+    ]);
 
     const addedNoteIds = await this.batchScheduler.runCollectBatches(addQueue, 50, 1, async (batch) => {
       return this.ankiGateway.addNotes(
@@ -150,7 +169,29 @@ export class AnkiBatchExecutor {
       );
     });
 
-    const tagSyncQueue = updateQueue.flatMap(({ plannedCard }) => {
+    await this.batchScheduler.runVoidBatches(modelMigrationQueue, 25, 1, async (batch) => {
+      for (const { plannedCard, renderedCard, summary } of batch) {
+        const fields = await this.mapFields(renderedCard, noteFieldMappings, modelDetailsCache);
+
+        try {
+          await this.ankiGateway.updateNoteModel({
+            noteId: plannedCard.noteId ?? 0,
+            modelName: renderedCard.noteModel,
+            fields,
+          });
+        } catch (error) {
+          throw createNoteTypeMigrationError({
+            noteId: plannedCard.noteId ?? 0,
+            fromModel: summary.modelName,
+            toModel: renderedCard.noteModel,
+            error,
+            location: `${plannedCard.card.filePath}:${plannedCard.card.blockStartLine}`,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    const tagSyncQueue = [...updateQueue, ...modelMigrationQueue].flatMap(({ plannedCard }) => {
       if (!plannedCard.noteId) {
         return [];
       }
@@ -174,8 +215,9 @@ export class AnkiBatchExecutor {
 
     await this.batchScheduler.runVoidBatches(tagSyncQueue, 50, 1, (batch) => this.ankiGateway.syncNoteTags(batch));
 
-    updated += updateQueue.length;
-    for (const { plannedCard } of updateQueue) {
+    updated += updateQueue.length + modelMigrationQueue.length;
+    migratedNoteTypes = modelMigrationQueue.length;
+    for (const { plannedCard } of [...updateQueue, ...modelMigrationQueue]) {
       if (plannedCard.noteId) {
         touchedSyncKeys.add(plannedCard.card.syncKey);
         resolvedNoteIds.set(plannedCard.card.syncKey, plannedCard.noteId);
@@ -220,6 +262,7 @@ export class AnkiBatchExecutor {
     return {
       created,
       updated,
+      migratedNoteTypes,
       migratedDecks,
       uploadedMedia,
       markerWrites: Array.from(markerWriteMap.values()).map((plannedCard) => ({
diff --git a/src/application/services/ManualSyncService.test.ts b/src/application/services/ManualSyncService.test.ts
index 379bba4..ab2def7 100644
--- a/src/application/services/ManualSyncService.test.ts
+++ b/src/application/services/ManualSyncService.test.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ describe("ManualSyncService", () => {
 
     expect(result.created).toBe(1);
     expect(result.updated).toBe(0);
+    expect(result.migratedNoteTypes).toBe(0);
     expect(result.migratedDecks).toBe(0);
     expect(result.warnings).toEqual([]);
     expect(ankiGateway.addedNotes[0]?.deckName).toBe("notes");
diff --git a/src/application/services/ManualSyncService.ts b/src/application/services/ManualSyncService.ts
index 821df8e..7ea5f8a 100644
--- a/src/application/services/ManualSyncService.ts
+++ b/src/application/services/ManualSyncService.ts
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ export class ManualSyncService {
       scannedCards: indexResult.cards.length + indexResult.groupBlocks.length,
       created: 0,
       updated: 0,
+      migratedNoteTypes: 0,
       migratedDecks: 0,
       orphaned: plan.toOrphan.length + orphanGroupBlocks.length,
       uploadedMedia: 0,
@@ -200,6 +201,7 @@ export class ManualSyncService {
       scannedCards: indexResult.cards.length + indexResult.groupBlocks.length,
       created: executionResult.created + qaGroupExecution.created,
       updated: executionResult.updated + qaGroupExecution.updated,
+      migratedNoteTypes: executionResult.migratedNoteTypes + qaGroupExecution.migratedNoteTypes,
       migratedDecks: executionResult.migratedDecks + qaGroupExecution.migratedDecks,
       orphaned: plan.toOrphan.length + orphanGroupBlocks.length,
       uploadedMedia: executionResult.uploadedMedia,
diff --git a/src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.test.ts b/src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.test.ts
index b59efb1..84147ef 100644
--- a/src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.test.ts
+++ b/src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.test.ts
@@ -393,6 +393,189 @@ describe("QaGroupSyncService", () => {
     ]);
   });
 
+  it("migrates an existing QA Group note in place when the bound note model changed", async () => {
+    const ankiGateway = new FakeManualSyncAnkiGateway();
+    const vaultGateway = new FakeManualSyncVaultGateway();
+    ankiGateway.noteDetailsById.set(42, {
+      noteId: 42,
+      modelName: "旧问答模板",
+      cardIds: [7001],
+      deckNames: ["notes"],
+      tags: ["old"],
+      fields: {
+        题目: "旧题目",
+        问题01: "旧问题",
+        答案01: "旧答案",
+      },
+    });
+    const service = new QaGroupSyncService(
+      ankiGateway,
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      () => 1234,
+      () => "group-1",
+      () => "item-1",
+      vaultGateway.createBacklink.bind(vaultGateway),
+    );
+
+    const result = await service.sync([
+      createIndexedGroupBlock({
+        noteId: 42,
+        groupId: "group-1",
+        tagsHint: ["fresh"],
+      }),
+    ], createEmptyPluginState(), createModule3Settings());
+
+    expect(result.updated).toBe(1);
+    expect(result.migratedNoteTypes).toBe(1);
+    expect(result.resolvedNoteIds.get("notes/example.md\u0000group\u00001\u0000hash-1")).toBe(42);
+    expect(ankiGateway.addedNotes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNotes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNoteModels).toEqual([
+      {
+        noteId: 42,
+        modelName: QA_GROUP_USER_NOTE_TYPE,
+        fields: expect.objectContaining({
+          题目: "Concepts",
+          问题01: "Alpha",
+          答案01: expect.stringContaining("First answer"),
+          问题02: "Beta",
+          答案02: expect.stringContaining("Second answer"),
+        }),
+      },
+    ]);
+    expect(ankiGateway.syncedNoteTags).toEqual([
+      {
+        noteId: 42,
+        addTags: ["fresh"],
+        removeTags: ["old"],
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("migrates into a smaller QA Group template when the current markdown still fits and clears unused slots", async () => {
+    const ankiGateway = new FakeManualSyncAnkiGateway();
+    const vaultGateway = new FakeManualSyncVaultGateway();
+    ankiGateway.modelDetailsByName["问答题（6组）"] = {
+      fieldNames: [
+        "题目",
+        "问题01", "答案01",
+        "问题02", "答案02",
+        "问题03", "答案03",
+        "问题04", "答案04",
+        "问题05", "答案05",
+        "问题06", "答案06",
+      ],
+      isCloze: false,
+    };
+    ankiGateway.noteDetailsById.set(42, {
+      noteId: 42,
+      modelName: "旧问答模板 12 组",
+      cardIds: [7001],
+      deckNames: ["notes"],
+      fields: { 题目: "旧题目" },
+    });
+    const service = new QaGroupSyncService(
+      ankiGateway,
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      () => 1234,
+      () => "group-1",
+      () => "item-1",
+      vaultGateway.createBacklink.bind(vaultGateway),
+    );
+
+    const result = await service.sync([
+      createIndexedGroupBlock({
+        noteId: 42,
+        groupId: "group-1",
+        items: [
+          { title: "A", answer: "1", ordinalInMarkdown: 1 },
+          { title: "B", answer: "2", ordinalInMarkdown: 2 },
+          { title: "C", answer: "3", ordinalInMarkdown: 3 },
+          { title: "D", answer: "4", ordinalInMarkdown: 4 },
+          { title: "E", answer: "5", ordinalInMarkdown: 5 },
+        ],
+      }),
+    ], createEmptyPluginState(), createModule3Settings({
+      cardTypeConfigs: {
+        ...createModule3Settings().cardTypeConfigs,
+        "qa-group": {
+          ...createModule3Settings().cardTypeConfigs["qa-group"],
+          noteType: "问答题（6组）",
+        },
+      },
+      noteFieldMappings: {
+        ...createModule3Settings().noteFieldMappings,
+        "qa-group:问答题（6组）": {
+          cardType: "qa-group",
+          modelName: "问答题（6组）",
+          loadedFieldNames: [
+            "题目",
+            "问题01", "答案01",
+            "问题02", "答案02",
+            "问题03", "答案03",
+            "问题04", "答案04",
+            "问题05", "答案05",
+            "问题06", "答案06",
+          ],
+          titleField: "题目",
+          slots: [
+            { index: 1, questionField: "问题01", answerField: "答案01" },
+            { index: 2, questionField: "问题02", answerField: "答案02" },
+            { index: 3, questionField: "问题03", answerField: "答案03" },
+            { index: 4, questionField: "问题04", answerField: "答案04" },
+            { index: 5, questionField: "问题05", answerField: "答案05" },
+            { index: 6, questionField: "问题06", answerField: "答案06" },
+          ],
+          warnings: [],
+          loadedAt: 1,
+        },
+      },
+    }));
+
+    expect(result.migratedNoteTypes).toBe(1);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNoteModels[0]?.modelName).toBe("问答题（6组）");
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNoteModels[0]?.fields).toMatchObject({
+      题目: "Concepts",
+      问题01: "A",
+      答案01: expect.stringContaining("1"),
+      问题05: "E",
+      答案05: expect.stringContaining("5"),
+      问题06: "",
+      答案06: "",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("surfaces a user-facing error when QA Group note type migration fails", async () => {
+    const ankiGateway = new FakeManualSyncAnkiGateway();
+    ankiGateway.updateNoteModelError = new Error("AnkiConnect updateNoteModel failed for note 42 to model 问答题（多级列表）: unsupported action");
+    ankiGateway.noteDetailsById.set(42, {
+      noteId: 42,
+      modelName: "旧问答模板",
+      cardIds: [7001],
+      deckNames: ["notes"],
+      fields: { 题目: "旧题目" },
+    });
+    const service = new QaGroupSyncService(ankiGateway);
+
+    await expect(service.sync([
+      createIndexedGroupBlock({
+        noteId: 42,
+        groupId: "group-1",
+      }),
+    ], createEmptyPluginState(), createModule3Settings())).rejects.toMatchObject({
+      userMessage: {
+        key: "errors.noteTypeMigration.unsupported",
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(ankiGateway.addedNotes).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ankiGateway.updatedNoteModels).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
   it("rejects a QA Group block when the selected template exposes fewer slots than the block needs", async () => {
     const ankiGateway = new FakeManualSyncAnkiGateway();
     const service = new QaGroupSyncService(ankiGateway);
diff --git a/src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.ts b/src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.ts
index de3c085..c2e2f11 100644
--- a/src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.ts
+++ b/src/application/services/QaGroupSyncService.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import MarkdownIt from "markdown-it";
 import { createNoteFieldMappingKey, isQaGroupFieldMapping, type QaGroupFieldMapping } from "@/application/config/NoteModelFieldMapping";
 import type { PluginSettings } from "@/application/config/PluginSettings";
 import { PluginUserError } from "@/application/errors/PluginUserError";
+import { createNoteTypeMigrationError } from "@/application/errors/noteTypeMigration";
 import type { AnkiGroupGateway, AnkiNoteDetails } from "@/application/ports/AnkiGateway";
 import type { SourceLocation } from "@/domain/card/value-objects/SourceLocation";
 import { buildGroupSrc, type GroupItem, type IndexedGroupCardBlock } from "@/domain/manual-sync/entities/IndexedGroupCardBlock";
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ const HIGHLIGHT_PATTERN = /==(.+?)==/g;
 export interface QaGroupSyncExecutionResult {
   created: number;
   updated: number;
+  migratedNoteTypes: number;
   migratedDecks: number;
   markerWrites: GroupMarkerWriteRequest[];
   resolvedNoteIds: Map<string, number>;
@@ -49,10 +51,15 @@ interface RecoveredGroupRecord {
   groupId?: string;
   items: GroupItem[];
   freeSlots: number[];
-  noteDetails?: AnkiNoteDetails;
+  loadedNote?: LoadedQaGroupNote;
   stateRecord?: GroupBlockState;
 }
 
+type LoadedQaGroupNote =
+  | { kind: "missing" }
+  | { kind: "matching"; note: AnkiNoteDetails }
+  | { kind: "model-mismatch"; note: AnkiNoteDetails; actualModelName: string; expectedModelName: string };
+
 export class QaGroupSyncService {
   private sequence = 0;
 
@@ -75,6 +82,7 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
       return {
         created: 0,
         updated: 0,
+        migratedNoteTypes: 0,
         migratedDecks: 0,
         markerWrites: [],
         resolvedNoteIds: new Map(),
@@ -95,6 +103,7 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
     const syncedGroupBlocks: GroupBlockState[] = [];
     let created = 0;
     let updated = 0;
+    let migratedNoteTypes = 0;
     let migratedDecks = 0;
     const backlinkAnchor = this.buildGroupBacklinkAnchor(blocks[0] ?? null, settings);
 
@@ -157,7 +166,7 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
         legacyInternalFields,
       );
       let noteId = recovered.noteId ?? block.noteId;
-      let existingNote = recovered.noteDetails;
+      let loadedNote = recovered.loadedNote;
 
       if (noteId === undefined) {
         noteId = await this.ankiGateway.addNote({
@@ -169,8 +178,8 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
         created += 1;
         touchedSyncKeys.add(block.syncKey);
       } else {
-        existingNote ??= await this.tryLoadQaGroupNote(noteId, block, modelName);
-        if (!existingNote) {
+        loadedNote ??= await this.tryLoadQaGroupNote(noteId, block, modelName);
+        if (loadedNote.kind === "missing") {
           noteId = await this.ankiGateway.addNote({
             deckName: deck,
             modelName,
@@ -181,7 +190,8 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
           touchedSyncKeys.add(block.syncKey);
         }
 
-        if (existingNote) {
+        if (loadedNote.kind === "matching") {
+          const existingNote = loadedNote.note;
           const fieldsChanged = !haveEqualFields(existingNote.fields, fields);
           const deckChanged = !(existingNote.deckNames ?? []).includes(deck);
           const tagDiff = diffTagSets(block.tagsHint, existingNote.tags);
@@ -247,6 +257,48 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
           }
           touchedSyncKeys.add(block.syncKey);
         }
+
+        if (loadedNote.kind === "model-mismatch") {
+          const deckChanged = !(loadedNote.note.deckNames ?? []).includes(deck);
+          const tagDiff = diffTagSets(block.tagsHint, loadedNote.note.tags);
+          const tagsChanged = tagDiff.addTags.length > 0 || tagDiff.removeTags.length > 0;
+
+          try {
+            await this.ankiGateway.updateNoteModel({
+              noteId,
+              modelName,
+              fields,
+            });
+          } catch (error) {
+            throw createNoteTypeMigrationError({
+              noteId,
+              fromModel: loadedNote.actualModelName,
+              toModel: loadedNote.expectedModelName,
+              error,
+              location: `${block.filePath}:${block.blockStartLine}`,
+            });
+          }
+
+          if (deckChanged && loadedNote.note.cardIds.length > 0) {
+            await this.ankiGateway.changeDecks([{
+              deckName: deck,
+              cardIds: loadedNote.note.cardIds,
+            }]);
+            migratedDecks += 1;
+          }
+
+          if (tagsChanged) {
+            await this.ankiGateway.syncNoteTags([{
+              noteId,
+              addTags: tagDiff.addTags,
+              removeTags: tagDiff.removeTags,
+            }]);
+          }
+
+          updated += 1;
+          migratedNoteTypes += 1;
+          touchedSyncKeys.add(block.syncKey);
+        }
       }
 
       resolvedNoteIds.set(block.syncKey, noteId);
@@ -310,6 +362,7 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
     return {
       created,
       updated,
+      migratedNoteTypes,
       migratedDecks,
       markerWrites,
       resolvedNoteIds,
@@ -341,10 +394,31 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
     }
 
     if (block.noteId !== undefined) {
-      const note = await this.tryLoadQaGroupNote(block.noteId, block, modelName);
-      if (note) {
-        return noteDetailsToRecoveredGroup(note, mapping, availableSlots, block.groupId);
+      const loadedNote = await this.tryLoadQaGroupNote(block.noteId, block, modelName);
+      if (loadedNote.kind === "matching") {
+        return {
+          ...noteDetailsToRecoveredGroup(loadedNote.note, mapping, availableSlots, block.groupId),
+          loadedNote,
+        };
       }
+
+      if (loadedNote.kind === "model-mismatch") {
+        return {
+          noteId: loadedNote.note.noteId,
+          groupId: block.groupId,
+          items: [],
+          freeSlots: [...availableSlots],
+          loadedNote,
+        };
+      }
+
+      return {
+        noteId: block.noteId,
+        groupId: block.groupId,
+        items: [],
+        freeSlots: [...availableSlots],
+        loadedNote,
+      };
     }
 
     return {
@@ -353,17 +427,25 @@ export class QaGroupSyncService {
     };
   }
 
-  private async tryLoadQaGroupNote(noteId: number, block: IndexedGroupCardBlock, modelName: string): Promise<AnkiNoteDetails | undefined> {
+  private async tryLoadQaGroupNote(noteId: number, _block: IndexedGroupCardBlock, modelName: string): Promise<LoadedQaGroupNote> {
     const note = (await this.ankiGateway.getNoteDetails([noteId]))[0];
     if (!note) {
-      return undefined;
+      return { kind: "missing" };
     }
 
     if (note.modelName !== modelName) {
-      throw new Error(`Note ${noteId} for ${block.filePath}:${block.blockStartLine} is ${note.modelName}, expected ${modelName}.`);
+      return {
+        kind: "model-mismatch",
+        note,
+        actualModelName: note.modelName,
+        expectedModelName: modelName,
+      };
     }
 
-    return note;
+    return {
+      kind: "matching",
+      note,
+    };
   }
 
   private buildGroupBacklinkAnchor(block: IndexedGroupCardBlock | null, settings: PluginSettings): string {
@@ -530,7 +612,6 @@ function noteDetailsToRecoveredGroup(
     groupId: fallbackGroupId,
     items,
     freeSlots: availableSlots.filter((slot) => !occupiedSlots.has(slot)),
-    noteDetails: note,
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/application/use-cases/manualSyncTypes.ts b/src/application/use-cases/manualSyncTypes.ts
index 107b66e..eb080ce 100644
--- a/src/application/use-cases/manualSyncTypes.ts
+++ b/src/application/use-cases/manualSyncTypes.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ export interface ManualSyncResult {
   scannedCards: number;
   created: number;
   updated: number;
+  migratedNoteTypes: number;
   migratedDecks: number;
   orphaned: number;
   uploadedMedia: number;
diff --git a/src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.test.ts b/src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.test.ts
index a2d2cb8..34c4ca4 100644
--- a/src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.test.ts
+++ b/src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.test.ts
@@ -340,6 +340,61 @@ describe("AnkiConnectGateway", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("updates a note model with the target fields payload", async () => {
+    requestUrlMock.mockResolvedValue({
+      json: {
+        error: null,
+        result: null,
+      },
+    });
+
+    const gateway = new AnkiConnectGateway(() => "http://127.0.0.1:8765");
+    await gateway.updateNoteModel({
+      noteId: 42,
+      modelName: "问答题（多级列表）",
+      fields: {
+        题目: "概念",
+        问题01: "Alpha",
+        答案01: "First answer",
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(JSON.parse(requestUrlMock.mock.calls[0][0].body)).toEqual({
+      action: "updateNoteModel",
+      version: 6,
+      params: {
+        note: {
+          id: 42,
+          modelName: "问答题（多级列表）",
+          fields: {
+            题目: "概念",
+            问题01: "Alpha",
+            答案01: "First answer",
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("preserves note context when updateNoteModel fails", async () => {
+    requestUrlMock.mockResolvedValue({
+      json: {
+        error: "unsupported action",
+        result: null,
+      },
+    });
+
+    const gateway = new AnkiConnectGateway(() => "http://127.0.0.1:8765");
+
+    await expect(gateway.updateNoteModel({
+      noteId: 42,
+      modelName: "问答题（多级列表）",
+      fields: {
+        题目: "概念",
+      },
+    })).rejects.toThrow("AnkiConnect updateNoteModel failed for note 42 to model 问答题（多级列表）: unsupported action");
+  });
+
   it("syncs note tags by removing obsolete tags before adding current tags", async () => {
     requestUrlMock.mockResolvedValue({
       json: {
diff --git a/src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.ts b/src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.ts
index 105a8b4..024d3e7 100644
--- a/src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.ts
+++ b/src/infrastructure/anki/AnkiConnectGateway.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { requestUrl } from "obsidian";
 
 import type { NoteModelDetails } from "@/application/dto/NoteModelDetails";
-import type { AddAnkiNoteInput, AnkiGroupGateway, AnkiModelTemplate, AnkiNoteDetails, AnkiNoteSummary, ChangeDeckInput, CreateAnkiModelInput, DeckStat, SyncAnkiNoteTagsInput, UpdateAnkiNoteInput } from "@/application/ports/AnkiGateway";
+import type { AddAnkiNoteInput, AnkiGroupGateway, AnkiModelTemplate, AnkiNoteDetails, AnkiNoteSummary, ChangeDeckInput, CreateAnkiModelInput, DeckStat, SyncAnkiNoteTagsInput, UpdateAnkiNoteInput, UpdateAnkiNoteModelInput } from "@/application/ports/AnkiGateway";
 import type { MediaAsset } from "@/domain/card/entities/RenderedFields";
 
 interface AnkiResponse<T> {
@@ -327,6 +327,23 @@ export class AnkiConnectGateway implements AnkiGroupGateway {
     }
   }
 
+  async updateNoteModel(input: UpdateAnkiNoteModelInput): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.invoke("updateNoteModel", {
+        note: {
+          id: input.noteId,
+          modelName: input.modelName,
+          fields: input.fields,
+        },
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new Error(buildActionFailureMessage("updateNoteModel", {
+        noteId: input.noteId,
+        modelName: input.modelName,
+      }, error));
+    }
+  }
+
   async updateNotes(inputs: UpdateAnkiNoteInput[]): Promise<void> {
     await this.invokeMulti<void>(inputs.map((input) => ({
       action: "updateNoteFields",
@@ -478,3 +495,25 @@ function extractDeckNoteCount(rawStats: unknown, deckId: number | undefined): nu
 
   return undefined;
 }
+
+function buildActionFailureMessage(
+  action: string,
+  context: { noteId?: number; modelName?: string },
+  error: unknown,
+): string {
+  const scope = typeof context.noteId === "number" && typeof context.modelName === "string"
+    ? ` for note ${context.noteId} to model ${context.modelName}`
+    : typeof context.noteId === "number"
+      ? ` for note ${context.noteId}`
+      : "";
+
+  return `AnkiConnect ${action} failed${scope}: ${extractRequestErrorMessage(error)}`;
+}
+
+function extractRequestErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
+  if (error instanceof Error && error.message.trim().length > 0) {
+    return error.message.trim();
+  }
+
+  return String(error);
+}
diff --git a/src/presentation/i18n/messages/en.ts b/src/presentation/i18n/messages/en.ts
index 32b6aa8..84637d6 100644
--- a/src/presentation/i18n/messages/en.ts
+++ b/src/presentation/i18n/messages/en.ts
@@ -330,8 +330,8 @@ export const en = {
     cleanupEmptyDecksCancelled: "Empty-deck cleanup was cancelled.",
     cleanupEmptyDecksFailed: "Cleanup empty decks failed.",
     summary: {
-      currentFileSync: "Current file sync completed: files {{scannedFiles}}, cards {{scannedCards}}, created {{created}}, updated {{updated}}, migrated decks {{migratedDecks}}, orphaned {{orphaned}}, media {{uploadedMedia}}, skipped {{skippedUnchangedCards}}.",
-      vaultSync: "Vault sync completed: files {{scannedFiles}}, cards {{scannedCards}}, created {{created}}, updated {{updated}}, migrated decks {{migratedDecks}}, orphaned {{orphaned}}, media {{uploadedMedia}}, skipped {{skippedUnchangedCards}}.",
+      currentFileSync: "Current file sync completed: files {{scannedFiles}}, cards {{scannedCards}}, created {{created}}, updated {{updated}}, migrated note types {{migratedNoteTypes}}, migrated decks {{migratedDecks}}, orphaned {{orphaned}}, media {{uploadedMedia}}, skipped {{skippedUnchangedCards}}.",
+      vaultSync: "Vault sync completed: files {{scannedFiles}}, cards {{scannedCards}}, created {{created}}, updated {{updated}}, migrated note types {{migratedNoteTypes}}, migrated decks {{migratedDecks}}, orphaned {{orphaned}}, media {{uploadedMedia}}, skipped {{skippedUnchangedCards}}.",
       rebuild: "Card index rebuild completed: files {{scannedFiles}}, cards {{scannedCards}}, migrated decks {{migratedDecks}}, orphaned {{orphaned}}, rewritten markers {{rewrittenMarkers}}, skipped {{skippedUnchangedCards}}.",
       clearCurrentFile: "Current file synced cards cleared: tracked cards {{trackedCards}}, tracked groups {{trackedGroups}}, deleted notes {{deletedNotes}}, removed markers {{removedMarkers}}, removed ID markers {{removedCardMarkers}}, removed GI markers {{removedGroupMarkers}}, deleted local records {{deletedLocalRecords}}.",
       cleanupEmptyDecks: "Empty-deck cleanup completed: candidates {{candidateCount}}, selected {{selectedCount}}, deleted {{deletedCount}}, skipped {{skippedCount}}.",
@@ -429,6 +429,10 @@ export const en = {
       qaGroupWarningsUnaccepted: "QA Group note type \"{{modelName}}\" still has unconfirmed field warnings. Confirm them in settings before syncing.",
       qaGroupSlotCapacityExceeded: "QA Group note type \"{{modelName}}\" only exposes {{capacity}} question/answer pair(s), but the current block has {{itemCount}} item(s): {{filePath}}:{{blockStartLine}}.",
     },
+    noteTypeMigration: {
+      failed: "Failed to migrate Anki note {{noteId}} from \"{{fromModel}}\" to \"{{toModel}}\"{{location}}: {{reason}}",
+      unsupported: "The current AnkiConnect does not support migrating Anki note {{noteId}} from \"{{fromModel}}\" to \"{{toModel}}\"{{location}}. Upgrade AnkiConnect, or clear the Anki ID and sync again. Reason: {{reason}}",
+    },
     writeBack: {
       summary: "Markdown marker write-back failed for {{fileCount}} file(s).",
       markdownFileNotFound: "Markdown file was not found.",
diff --git a/src/presentation/i18n/messages/zh.ts b/src/presentation/i18n/messages/zh.ts
index a75c814..06fbc73 100644
--- a/src/presentation/i18n/messages/zh.ts
+++ b/src/presentation/i18n/messages/zh.ts
@@ -328,8 +328,8 @@ export const zh = {
     cleanupEmptyDecksCancelled: "已取消空牌组清理。",
     cleanupEmptyDecksFailed: "清理空牌组失败。",
     summary: {
-      currentFileSync: "当前文件同步完成：文件 {{scannedFiles}}，卡片 {{scannedCards}}，新建 {{created}}，更新 {{updated}}，迁移牌组 {{migratedDecks}}，孤儿 {{orphaned}}，媒体 {{uploadedMedia}}，跳过 {{skippedUnchangedCards}}。",
-      vaultSync: "全库同步完成：文件 {{scannedFiles}}，卡片 {{scannedCards}}，新建 {{created}}，更新 {{updated}}，迁移牌组 {{migratedDecks}}，孤儿 {{orphaned}}，媒体 {{uploadedMedia}}，跳过 {{skippedUnchangedCards}}。",
+      currentFileSync: "当前文件同步完成：文件 {{scannedFiles}}，卡片 {{scannedCards}}，新建 {{created}}，更新 {{updated}}，迁移模板 {{migratedNoteTypes}}，迁移牌组 {{migratedDecks}}，孤儿 {{orphaned}}，媒体 {{uploadedMedia}}，跳过 {{skippedUnchangedCards}}。",
+      vaultSync: "全库同步完成：文件 {{scannedFiles}}，卡片 {{scannedCards}}，新建 {{created}}，更新 {{updated}}，迁移模板 {{migratedNoteTypes}}，迁移牌组 {{migratedDecks}}，孤儿 {{orphaned}}，媒体 {{uploadedMedia}}，跳过 {{skippedUnchangedCards}}。",
       rebuild: "卡片索引重建完成：文件 {{scannedFiles}}，卡片 {{scannedCards}}，迁移牌组 {{migratedDecks}}，孤儿 {{orphaned}}，重写标记 {{rewrittenMarkers}}，跳过 {{skippedUnchangedCards}}。",
       clearCurrentFile: "当前文件已同步卡片清空完成：已跟踪卡片 {{trackedCards}}，已跟踪分组 {{trackedGroups}}，删除笔记 {{deletedNotes}}，移除标记 {{removedMarkers}}，移除 ID 标记 {{removedCardMarkers}}，移除 GI 标记 {{removedGroupMarkers}}，删除本地记录 {{deletedLocalRecords}}。",
       cleanupEmptyDecks: "空牌组清理完成：候选 {{candidateCount}}，已选 {{selectedCount}}，已删 {{deletedCount}}，跳过 {{skippedCount}}。",
@@ -427,6 +427,10 @@ export const zh = {
       qaGroupWarningsUnaccepted: "问答题（多级列表）笔记模板 \"{{modelName}}\" 仍有未确认的字段警告。请先在设置页确认后再同步。",
       qaGroupSlotCapacityExceeded: "问答题（多级列表）笔记模板 \"{{modelName}}\" 只识别到 {{capacity}} 组问题/答案字段，但当前块有 {{itemCount}} 项：{{filePath}}:{{blockStartLine}}。",
     },
+    noteTypeMigration: {
+      failed: "无法将 Anki 笔记 {{noteId}} 从“{{fromModel}}”迁移到“{{toModel}}”{{location}}：{{reason}}",
+      unsupported: "当前 AnkiConnect 不支持将 Anki 笔记 {{noteId}} 从“{{fromModel}}”迁移到“{{toModel}}”{{location}}。请升级 AnkiConnect，或清理该卡片的 Anki ID 后重新同步。原因：{{reason}}",
+    },
     writeBack: {
       summary: "Markdown 标记写回失败，共 {{fileCount}} 个文件。",
       markdownFileNotFound: "Markdown 文件不存在。",
diff --git a/src/presentation/notices/NoticeService.test.ts b/src/presentation/notices/NoticeService.test.ts
index 58e992f..8568168 100644
--- a/src/presentation/notices/NoticeService.test.ts
+++ b/src/presentation/notices/NoticeService.test.ts
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ function createManualSyncResult(overrides: Partial<ManualSyncResult> = {}): Manu
     scannedCards: 8,
     created: 2,
     updated: 1,
+    migratedNoteTypes: 1,
     migratedDecks: 1,
     orphaned: 0,
     uploadedMedia: 4,
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ describe("NoticeService", () => {
     }));
 
     expect(noticeRecords.map((entry) => entry.message)).toEqual([
-      "Current file sync completed: files 3, cards 8, created 2, updated 1, migrated decks 1, orphaned 0, media 4, skipped 5. Marker write conflicts: notes/a.md, notes/b.md. Warnings: 2.",
+      "Current file sync completed: files 3, cards 8, created 2, updated 1, migrated note types 1, migrated decks 1, orphaned 0, media 4, skipped 5. Marker write conflicts: notes/a.md, notes/b.md. Warnings: 2.",
       "Conflicting TARGET DECK declarations were found in YAML and body. This sync used the YAML value.",
       "No explicit deck was found and a folder-based deck could not be generated, so the default deck was used.",
     ]);
diff --git a/src/presentation/notices/NoticeService.ts b/src/presentation/notices/NoticeService.ts
index 996d560..b64e48e 100644
--- a/src/presentation/notices/NoticeService.ts
+++ b/src/presentation/notices/NoticeService.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ export class NoticeService {
       scannedCards: result.scannedCards,
       created: result.created,
       updated: result.updated,
+      migratedNoteTypes: result.migratedNoteTypes,
       migratedDecks: result.migratedDecks,
       orphaned: result.orphaned,
       uploadedMedia: result.uploadedMedia,
diff --git a/src/test-support/manualSyncFakes.ts b/src/test-support/manualSyncFakes.ts
index 35103ae..6a7f37f 100644
--- a/src/test-support/manualSyncFakes.ts
+++ b/src/test-support/manualSyncFakes.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { PluginSettings } from "@/application/config/PluginSettings";
 import { DEFAULT_SETTINGS } from "@/application/config/PluginSettings";
 import type { FolderTreeNode } from "@/application/dto/FolderTreeNode";
-import type { AddAnkiNoteInput, AnkiGroupGateway, AnkiModelTemplate, AnkiNoteDetails, AnkiNoteSummary, ChangeDeckInput, CreateAnkiModelInput, DeckStat, SyncAnkiNoteTagsInput, UpdateAnkiNoteInput } from "@/application/ports/AnkiGateway";
+import type { AddAnkiNoteInput, AnkiGroupGateway, AnkiModelTemplate, AnkiNoteDetails, AnkiNoteSummary, ChangeDeckInput, CreateAnkiModelInput, DeckStat, SyncAnkiNoteTagsInput, UpdateAnkiNoteInput, UpdateAnkiNoteModelInput } from "@/application/ports/AnkiGateway";
 import type { ManualSyncVaultGateway } from "@/application/ports/ManualSyncVaultGateway";
 import type { PluginStateRepository } from "@/application/ports/PluginStateRepository";
 import { MarkdownWriteConflictError } from "@/application/ports/VaultGateway";
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ export class FakeManualSyncAnkiGateway implements AnkiGroupGateway {
   public addedNotes: AddAnkiNoteInput[] = [];
   public deletedNotes: number[][] = [];
   public updatedNotes: UpdateAnkiNoteInput[] = [];
+  public updatedNoteModels: UpdateAnkiNoteModelInput[] = [];
   public syncedNoteTags: SyncAnkiNoteTagsInput[] = [];
   public changedDecks: ChangeDeckInput[] = [];
   public deletedDecks: string[][] = [];
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@ export class FakeManualSyncAnkiGateway implements AnkiGroupGateway {
   };
   public modelTemplatesByName: Record<string, Record<string, AnkiModelTemplate>> = {};
   public modelStylingByName: Record<string, string> = {};
+  public updateNoteModelError: Error | null = null;
 
   private nextNoteId = 9000;
 
@@ -296,6 +298,31 @@ export class FakeManualSyncAnkiGateway implements AnkiGroupGateway {
     await this.updateNotes([input]);
   }
 
+  async updateNoteModel(input: UpdateAnkiNoteModelInput): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.updateNoteModelError) {
+      throw this.updateNoteModelError;
+    }
+
+    this.updatedNoteModels.push(input);
+
+    const summary = this.noteSummariesById.get(input.noteId);
+    if (summary) {
+      this.noteSummariesById.set(input.noteId, {
+        ...summary,
+        modelName: input.modelName,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const detail = this.noteDetailsById.get(input.noteId);
+    if (detail) {
+      this.noteDetailsById.set(input.noteId, {
+        ...detail,
+        modelName: input.modelName,
+        fields: { ...input.fields },
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
   async updateNotes(inputs: UpdateAnkiNoteInput[]): Promise<void> {
     this.updatedNotes.push(...inputs);
   }