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fix: suppress Box 1 structured_insert leak, recover table inventory from table_caption_candidate

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- ocr_render.py: structured_insert respects render_default (fixes Box 1 endnote
  leaking as > [!NOTE] callout). Add table_caption_candidate to skipped roles.
- ocr_tables.py: build_table_inventory now collects table_caption_candidate
  blocks as captions (was silently skipping them)
This commit is contained in:
Research Assistant 2026-06-14 21:28:52 +08:00
parent 7e0b69b3ff
commit ae01067240
5 changed files with 745 additions and 156 deletions
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3
paperforge/worker/ocr_render.py
View file

@ -1168,6 +1168,8 @@ def render_fulltext_markdown(
last_structured_insert_bbox = None
if role == "structured_insert":
if not block.get("render_default", True):
continue
pass # render as callout below
elif not block.get("render_default", True):
continue
@ -1179,6 +1181,7 @@ def render_fulltext_markdown(
"frontmatter_noise",
"frontmatter_support",
"table_html",
"table_caption_candidate",
"figure_caption",
"figure_inner_text",
}

2
paperforge/worker/ocr_tables.py
View file

@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def build_table_inventory(structured_blocks: list[dict]) -> dict[str, Any]:
for block in structured_blocks:
role = block.get("role", "")
raw_label = str(block.get("raw_label", "") or "").strip()
if role == "table_caption" or _is_validation_first_table_candidate(block):
if role in {"table_caption", "table_caption_candidate"} or _is_validation_first_table_candidate(block):
captions.append(block)
elif role in ("table_asset", "media_asset"):
if role == "media_asset" and raw_label not in ("table",):

270
tests/fixtures/ocr_real_papers/A8E7SRVS/block_trace.csv vendored Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
page,block_id,raw_label,content_preview,bbox,role,role_confidence,evidence,seed_role,seed_confidence,zone,style_family,marker_type,render_default,index_default
1,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrhD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFi4Ci3iVC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKv0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 269, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,True
1,1,header,"Clin Orthop Relat Res (2023) 481:1158-1170
DOI 10.1097/CORR.0000000000002520","[99, 79, 433, 123]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,2,header,"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{®} $
A Publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons $ ^{®} $","[795, 52, 1069, 124]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,3,text,Clinical Research,"[112, 143, 282, 168]",non_body_insert,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False
1,4,doc_title,High Acromial Slope and Low Acromiohumeral Distance Increase the Risk of Retear of the Supraspinatus Tendon After Repair,"[98, 221, 1069, 298]",paper_title,0.6,"[""page-1 frontmatter title guard: High Acromial Slope and Low Acromiohumeral Distance Increase""]",paper_title,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,5,text,"Thomas Caffard Dr med¹, Desdemona Kralewski Dr med¹, Marius Ludwig Dr med¹, Daniel Dornacher PD Dr med¹, Michael Fuchs PD Dr med¹, Thomas Kappe Prof Dr med¹, Heiko Reichel Prof Dr med¹, Mirco Sgroi PD","[96, 329, 910, 403]",frontmatter_support,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,6,text,Received: 21 July 2022 / Accepted: 15 November 2022 / Published online: 20 December 2022,"[98, 500, 710, 522]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Received: 21 July 2022 / Accepted: 15 November 2022 / Publis""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,7,text,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons,"[98, 522, 530, 542]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Copyright \u00a9 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeo""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,8,paragraph_title,Abstract,"[99, 602, 183, 624]",abstract_heading,0.95,"[""abstract heading""]",abstract_heading,0.95,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
1,9,abstract,"Background Retearing of the supraspinatus (SSP) tendon after repair is relatively common, but its cause is rarely clear. Although the role of acromion morphology and glenoid orientation in the pathoge","[97, 626, 568, 793]",abstract_body,0.85,"[""abstract label from Paddle OCR""]",abstract_body,0.85,,unknown_like,none,True,True
1,10,abstract,Questions/purposes (1) Is acromial morphology associated with the risk of retear after SSP tendon repair? (2) Is there an association between inclination and version of the glenoid and the odds for re,"[99, 795, 569, 916]",unknown_structural,0.85,"[""abstract label from Paddle OCR""]",abstract_body,0.85,,unknown_like,none,False,True
1,11,footnote,"Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest","[98, 996, 569, 1096]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercia""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,12,text,patients who had intact cuff repairs and those who had retears?,"[599, 626, 1070, 674]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,13,footnote,All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $ editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request,"[98, 1096, 570, 1298]",footnote,0.7,"[""footnote label: All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinica""]",footnote,0.7,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,14,text,"Methods Between August 2012 and December 2015, we treated 92 patients for SSP tendon tears; all of these patients were considered for inclusion in the present study. We considered patients with comple","[598, 674, 1073, 1417]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,15,footnote," $ ^{1} $Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RKU, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","[99, 1327, 567, 1371]",footnote,0.7,"[""footnote label: $ ^{1} $Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RKU, University o""]",footnote,0.7,,unknown_like,affiliation_marker,True,True
1,16,footnote,"M. Sgroi ✉, Oberer Eelsberg 45, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany, Email: sgroi.mirco@yahoo.de","[98, 1388, 567, 1431]",footnote,0.7,"[""footnote label: M. Sgroi \u2709, Oberer Eelsberg 45, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany, Email""]",footnote,0.7,,unknown_like,none,True,True
1,17,footer_image,,"[102, 1472, 267, 1501]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,,unknown_like,empty,False,False
1,18,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1148, 1563]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsH04XMl0hCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3I3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Ci3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 268, 55, 931]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[101, 80, 278, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 998, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
2,3,number,1159,"[1029, 81, 1069, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False
2,4,text,"same two observers using the Sugaya and Castricini classifications, accounting for atrophy and fatty degeneration of the SSP muscle. To assess interobserver reliability, the two observers took measure","[96, 141, 570, 736]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,5,text,"Results After controlling for potentially confounding variables such as acromioplasty or preoperative fatty infiltration as well as muscle atrophy, the only morphological parameters associated with a ","[96, 739, 569, 1382]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,6,text,"Conclusion The preoperative acromiohumeral interval and acromial slope are associated with SSP tendon rupture after repair. Conversely, the critical shoulder angle, acromial tilt, lateral acromial ang","[98, 1382, 569, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,7,text,,"[599, 142, 1072, 544]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
2,8,text,"Level of Evidence Level III, therapeutic study.","[601, 546, 984, 571]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow""]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,9,paragraph_title,Introduction,"[601, 618, 721, 641]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Introduction""]",section_heading,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True
2,10,text,"Despite great scientific interest, the pathogenesis of supraspinatus (SSP) reruptures after repair has not been determined [12, 25]. The acromion's morphology and glenoid orientation have been postula","[597, 666, 1074, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,11,footer_image,,"[904, 1471, 1071, 1502]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,False
2,12,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
3,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMI0hCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Ci3Vc4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 267, 55, 931]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
3,1,number,1160,"[102, 80, 143, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
3,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 80, 271, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
3,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[737, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
3,4,text,"been established between the acromion and glenoid morphology and clinical results after repair [1, 23, 26]. Therefore, it would be interesting to know whether patients who suffered a rerupture also ha","[97, 139, 568, 258]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,5,text,We therefore asked: (1) Is acromial morphology associated with the risk of retear after SSP tendon repair? (2) Is there an association between inclination and version of the glenoid and the odds for r,"[96, 260, 569, 427]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,6,paragraph_title,Patients and Methods Study Design and Setting,"[98, 475, 310, 548]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Patients and Methods Study Design and Setting""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
3,7,footer,,"[98, 522, 310, 548]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False
3,8,text,This retrospective study investigated the relationship of acromial morphology and glenoidal orientation with the risk of suffering a retear of the SSP 2 years after rotator cuff reconstruction. It was,"[97, 570, 570, 716]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,9,paragraph_title,Participants,"[99, 763, 206, 787]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Participants""]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
3,10,text,"Between August 2012 and December 2015, we treated 92 patients for SSP tendon tears who were considered for inclusion in the present study. We considered patients with complete tear of the SSP that was","[97, 808, 570, 1195]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,11,paragraph_title,Descriptive Data,"[99, 1240, 244, 1265]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Descriptive Data""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
3,12,text,"A total of 51% (28 of 55) of the patients were women. The mean age was $ 66 \pm 10 $ years (range 46 to 86 years). The right side was affected in 67% (37 of 55) of the patients, and the mean BMI was ","[96, 1287, 569, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,13,paragraph_title,Surgical Technique,"[600, 140, 766, 166]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Surgical Technique""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
3,14,text,"Two experienced shoulder surgeons (TK and MS), who were not involved in the radiologic examinations, performed the arthroscopic procedures. The surgeons were senior surgeons who specialize in shoulder","[598, 187, 1072, 1173]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,15,paragraph_title,Aftercare,"[601, 1216, 687, 1241]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Aftercare""]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
3,16,text,"After the surgical procedure, the operated-on arm was immobilized in an abduction pillow (Ultra Sling III) for 6 weeks. The patients were allowed to perform passive exercises for 6 weeks. Then, the pi","[598, 1264, 1072, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,17,footer_image,,"[101, 1472, 267, 1501]",non_body_insert,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,False
3,18,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1148, 1564]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
4,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMl0hCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3l3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3Vc4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 266, 55, 936]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True
4,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[101, 80, 278, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
4,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 998, 103]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
4,3,number,1161,"[1029, 80, 1068, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
4,4,figure_title,Table 1. Demographic data and preoperative tendon quality of the investigated patients (n = 55),"[98, 138, 568, 183]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 1. Demographic data and preoperative tendon quality of""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
4,5,table,"<table><tr><td>Parameter</td><td>Value</td></tr><tr><td>Women, % (n)</td><td>51 (28)</td></tr><tr><td>Side involved, right, % (n)</td><td>67 (37)</td></tr><tr><td>Age in years, mean $ \pm $ SD</td><t","[91, 184, 565, 999]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,6,text,Interval-scaled variables were tested with a t-test. ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists.,"[99, 1007, 530, 1055]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,7,paragraph_title,Clinical Assessment at Follow-up,"[99, 1069, 375, 1095]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Clinical Assessment at Follow-up""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
4,8,text,All patients were clinically assessed at a minimum follow-up of 2 years by a single trainee in sports orthopaedics (DK). Patients were asked to complete two clinical shoulder scores: the Western Ontar,"[97, 1117, 569, 1240]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,9,paragraph_title,Radiologic Examination at Follow-up,"[99, 1284, 410, 1311]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Radiologic Examination at Follow-up""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
4,10,text,MRI was performed at the time of follow-up $ (2.3 \pm 0.4 $ years) using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner (Magnetom TIM-Symphony). The patients were positioned in the supine position with the arm in neutral r,"[97, 1331, 569, 1431]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,11,text,,"[599, 140, 1072, 597]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
4,12,paragraph_title,Measurements on Preoperative True AP Radiographs and MRI,"[600, 641, 1040, 690]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Measurements on Preoperative True AP Radiographs and MRI""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
4,13,text,"As part of the preoperative plan, MRI was preoperatively performed on all shoulders in this study. MR images were obtained with a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner without contrast. To assess acromial morphology ","[599, 714, 1072, 932]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,14,paragraph_title,Acromiohumeral Interval,"[601, 977, 814, 1001]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Acromiohumeral Interval""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
4,15,text,The acromiohumeral interval was defined as the shortest interval between the humeral head and acromion. It was measured on a true AP radiograph with the arm in neutral rotation. The acromiohumeral int,"[599, 1023, 1072, 1219]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,16,paragraph_title,Glenoidal Version,"[602, 1264, 757, 1288]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoidal Version""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
4,17,text,"Glenoid version was measured in the axial plane according to Friedman et al. [11]. First, the Friedman line, which connects the medial tip of the scapula to the center of the glenoid, was drawn. Then,","[598, 1310, 1072, 1434]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,18,footer_image,,"[903, 1471, 1071, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
4,19,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[2, 1538, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
5,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsH04XMI0hCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrhD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3Vc4/OAVpDDa8KKGKv0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 270, 55, 931]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True
5,1,number,1162,"[102, 80, 143, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
5,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 80, 270, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
5,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[738, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
5,4,image,,"[156, 168, 469, 578]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
5,5,figure_title,Fig. 1 This figure shows how the critical shoulder angle (CSA) was determined. The critical shoulder angle was defined as the angle between a line connecting the inferior glenoid border to the lateral,"[95, 595, 570, 709]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 1 This figure shows how the critical shoulder angle (CS""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
5,6,image,,"[660, 138, 1033, 578]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
5,7,figure_title,Fig. 3 The figure shows how acromial tilt (AT) was determined. Acromial tilt was defined as the angle between a line connecting the anterior and posterior margins of the acromion and a line extending ,"[598, 595, 1070, 708]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 3 The figure shows how acromial tilt (AT) was determine""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
5,8,image,,"[158, 816, 516, 1259]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
5,9,figure_title,"Fig. 2 The figure shows the measurement of acromial slope (AS). To measure acromial slope, the midpoint of the inferior acromion was established. A line was drawn between the most anterior edge of the","[97, 1277, 570, 1432]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 2 The figure shows the measurement of acromial slope (A""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
5,10,image,,"[659, 845, 968, 1280]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
5,11,figure_title,"Fig. 4 The figure shows how the lateral acromial angle (LAA) was determined. First, a line was drawn between the superior and inferior rims of the glenoid. A second line, parallel and tangential to th","[599, 1297, 1072, 1432]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 4 The figure shows how the lateral acromial angle (LAA)""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
5,12,footer_image,,"[101, 1471, 267, 1501]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
5,13,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1148, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
6,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMlOhCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyI7TvSFi4Ci3iVC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 268, 56, 931]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True
6,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[101, 80, 278, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
6,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 998, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
6,3,number,1163,"[1030, 80, 1069, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
6,4,image,,"[110, 145, 513, 695]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
6,5,figure_title,"Fig. 5 The figure shows how the acromial index was determined. A line was drawn to connect the superior and inferior borders of the glenoid and defined as the glenoid plane. A second line, parallel to","[97, 715, 569, 938]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 5 The figure shows how the acromial index was determine""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
6,6,text,The angle between these two lines was defined as the glenoid version.,"[98, 974, 568, 1025]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,7,paragraph_title,Glenoidal Inclination,"[99, 1071, 279, 1096]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoidal Inclination""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
6,8,text,"Glenoid inclination was measured in the coronal plane using MRI according to Hughes et al. [17] and Maurer et al. [29]. Glenoid inclination was defined by determining the angle between a parallel, tan","[97, 1118, 568, 1242]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,9,figure_title,"Table 2. Sugaya classification [10, 38]","[602, 138, 889, 161]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 2. Sugaya classification [10, 38]""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
6,10,paragraph_title,Measurements on Postoperative MRI,"[99, 1285, 405, 1310]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Measurements on Postoperative MRI""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
6,11,text,"To investigate the quality and morphologic integrity of the SSP tendon, the following radiologic parameters were determined using postoperative MRI performed $ 2.3 \pm 0.4 $ years after surgery: Suga","[97, 1332, 569, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,12,text,,"[600, 552, 1071, 677]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
6,13,table,"<table><tr><td>Type 1</td><td>Sufficient thickness of the tendon, tendon continuity preserved, homogeneous low signal intensity</td></tr><tr><td>Type 2</td><td>Sufficient thickness of the tendon, with","[600, 170, 1070, 513]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,14,paragraph_title,Sugaya Classification,"[601, 735, 783, 760]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Sugaya Classification""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
6,15,text,"To assess the tendon’s integrity, we applied the Sugaya classification (Table 2). In a recent study by Hasegawa et al. [16], the Sugaya classification showed good to excellent (kappa = 0.68 to 0.91) i","[598, 782, 1072, 1025]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,16,paragraph_title,Castricini Classification,"[601, 1070, 803, 1095]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Castricini Classification""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
6,17,text,"To better investigate tendon quality after repair, we applied the Castricini classification [5] (Table 3). To better compare the differences, the individual subclasses were presented separately rather","[599, 1117, 1071, 1288]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,18,paragraph_title,Fatty Infiltration of the SSP Muscle,"[600, 1332, 894, 1358]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Fatty Infiltration of the SSP Muscle""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
6,19,text,We evaluated fatty infiltration according to Goutailler et al. [14]. A study on the reliability of assessing fatty infiltration,"[599, 1380, 1071, 1431]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,20,footer_image,,"[903, 1471, 1071, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
6,21,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1538, 1149, 1563]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
7,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMl0hCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRy17TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024","[18, 268, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True
7,1,number,1164,"[102, 80, 143, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
7,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 80, 270, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
7,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[738, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
7,4,figure_title,Table 3. Castricini classification [5],"[99, 138, 365, 160]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 3. Castricini classification [5]""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
7,5,table,<table><tr><td>Signal intensity</td><td>I</td><td>Higher signal intensity throughout the whole tendon thickness</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>II</td><td>Focal increase of signal intensity</td></tr><tr><td,"[99, 169, 1068, 454]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,6,text,with the Goutailler classification found good intrarater (ICC = 0.72) and interrater reliability (ICC = 0.68) [32].,"[97, 484, 569, 535]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,7,paragraph_title,Atrophy of the SSP Muscle,"[98, 579, 322, 606]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Atrophy of the SSP Muscle""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
7,8,text,We graded SSP muscle atrophy according to Thomazeau et al.'s method [36]. A study analyzing SSP muscle atrophy during the first year after reconstruction showed moderate agreement for interrater and i,"[97, 627, 569, 750]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,9,paragraph_title,Primary and Secondary Study Outcomes,"[100, 796, 433, 821]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Primary and Secondary Study Outcomes""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
7,10,text,Our primary study goal was to investigate the association between acromion morphology and SSP reupture rates 2 years after repair. All preoperative MR images were used by two blinded observers (TC and,"[96, 845, 571, 1420]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,11,text,,"[599, 485, 1071, 583]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
7,12,paragraph_title,Ethical Approval,"[601, 628, 748, 652]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Ethical Approval""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
7,13,text,Independent institutional review board approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the University of Ulm (number 104/17).,"[599, 676, 1072, 750]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,14,paragraph_title,Statistical Analysis,"[601, 796, 761, 820]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Statistical Analysis""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
7,15,text,"The sample size was calculated based on a binomial logarithmic regression analysis, assuming a 95% CI, a 0.15 effect size, and including seven predictors, resulting in a sample size of at least 55 pat","[598, 843, 1073, 1421]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,16,footer_image,,"[100, 1472, 268, 1501]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
7,17,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
8,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy
wCX1AVNYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRy17TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 267, 56, 931]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True
8,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[101, 80, 278, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
8,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 998, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
8,3,number,1165,"[1029, 80, 1069, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
8,4,text,"according to the Sugaya classification (Group 1: Sugaya Grades 1 to 3 and Group 2: Sugaya Grades 4 and 5). Acromial morphology, glenoid inclination, and glenoid version measured on preoperative MRI we","[97, 140, 569, 381]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,5,paragraph_title,Results Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk,"[97, 426, 419, 500]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Results Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
8,6,footer,,"[97, 475, 419, 500]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False
8,7,text,Only the acromiohumeral interval (adjusted OR 0.9 [95% CI 0.9 to 0.99; p < 0.01) and acromial slope (adjusted OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.1 to 1.8]; p < 0.01) were associated with the risk of SSP rerupture after,"[97, 521, 571, 907]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,8,figure_title,Table 4. Logarithmic multivariate regression analysis of the likelihood of suffering a rerupture of the SSP tendon,"[98, 957, 552, 1003]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 4. Logarithmic multivariate regression analysis of the""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
8,9,table,<table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>Adjusted OR (95% CI)</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>Acromial slope</td><td>1.4 (1.1 to 1.8)</td><td>&lt; 0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Acromiohumeral distance</td><td>0.9 (0.,"[99, 1006, 565, 1221]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,10,text,"The model achieved statistical significance in four steps (p < 0.001). Concomitant subscapularis reconstruction, tenodesis of the long head of the biceps tendon, lateral clavicula resection, and acrom","[97, 1232, 569, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,11,text,,"[598, 140, 1073, 502]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
8,12,paragraph_title,Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk,"[600, 546, 912, 570]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
8,13,text,"There was no difference between patients with intact SSP tendons and those with reruptured SSP tendons in terms of glenoid inclination ( $ 6^\circ \pm 4^\circ $ versus $ 6^\circ \pm 3^\circ $, mean d","[600, 593, 1071, 740]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,14,paragraph_title,Clinical Outcome,"[601, 784, 752, 809]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Clinical Outcome""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
8,15,text,"No difference in clinical outcomes was found between patients with intact SSPs and those with reruptured SSPs (Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index: $ 98 \pm 2 $ versus $ 97 \pm 3 $, mean difference 0","[599, 832, 1071, 1004]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,16,paragraph_title,Discussion,"[601, 1047, 705, 1072]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Discussion""]",section_heading,0.9,body_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True
8,17,text,"Acromion morphology and glenoid orientation may be associated with the risk of SSP tendon ruptures [8, 18, 37]. However, it is unclear whether these morphologic characteristics are associated with the","[598, 1095, 1073, 1433]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,18,footer_image,,"[903, 1470, 1071, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
8,19,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
9,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 267, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True
9,1,number,1166,"[102, 81, 143, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
9,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 80, 271, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
9,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[737, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
9,4,figure_title,Table 5. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and those with a reruptured SSP regarding preoperative acromial morphology and glenoid orientation,"[98, 137, 1035, 184]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 5. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and ""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
9,5,table,<table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>Sugaya 1 to 3</td><td>Sugaya 4 and 5</td><td>Mean difference (95% CI)</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>AHI in mm</td><td>83 $ \pm $ 20</td><td>61 $ \pm $ 16</td><td>2,"[95, 187, 1070, 378]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,6,vision_footnote,Data are presented as the mean ± SD. SSP = supraspinatus tendon; AHI = acromiohumeral interval; CSA = critical shoulder angle; AS = acromial slope; AT = acromial tilt; LAA = lateral acromial angle; AI,"[99, 387, 1071, 433]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: Data are presented as the mean \u00b1 SD. SSP = supraspinatus ten""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,7,paragraph_title,Limitations,"[99, 468, 197, 492]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Limitations""]",sub_subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
9,8,text,"First, in most instances, the analyzed patients underwent mild acromioplasty. Because the probability of suffering a retear of the SSP tendon was evaluated using parameters before acromioplasty, the m","[95, 516, 571, 829]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,9,chart,,"[115, 866, 551, 1280]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: chart""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
9,10,figure_title,Fig. 6 The figure represents the receiver operating characteristic curve of the acromiohumeral interval and acromial slope. The coordinates on the curve determined the cutoff values for identifying a ,"[97, 1299, 570, 1432]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 6 The figure represents the receiver operating characte""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
9,11,text,"technique were included. In our opinion, this criterion was important because if patients who had undergone a different reconstructive technique for the SSP had been included, this could have affected","[598, 467, 1072, 994]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,12,text,"Fourth, because the preoperative MRI examinations were performed before the start of this study, standardization of imaging techniques was not possible a priori. This is a limitation of the present st","[598, 994, 1074, 1427]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,13,footer_image,,"[101, 1472, 267, 1501]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
9,14,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1564]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
10,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy
wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024","[19, 267, 55, 930]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'aside_text'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,body_like,none,False,True
10,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[100, 80, 278, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
10,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 999, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
10,3,number,1167,"[1029, 80, 1069, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
10,4,figure_title,"Table 6. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, OR, and AUC of acromial slope and acromiohumeral distance","[97, 138, 920, 160]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 6. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, OR, and""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
10,5,table,"<table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>Acromiohumeral distance (95% CI)</td><td>Acromial slope (95% CI)</td></tr><tr><td>Sensitivity, %</td><td>77 (46 to 95)</td><td>85 (54 to 98)</td></tr><tr><td>Specificit","[99, 164, 1070, 305]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,6,vision_footnote,AUC = area under the curve.,"[98, 313, 321, 337]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: AUC = area under the curve.""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,7,text,"resolution. However, we do not have a 3.0 Tesla MRI in our department; this reflects the situation in most clinics and therefore does not seem to be a major limitation.","[95, 373, 568, 444]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,8,text,"Sixth, residents performed the measurements. Because of their inexperience, they may have produced imprecise results. To avoid this, both observers underwent training before the measurements, during w","[95, 445, 572, 1117]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,9,text,,"[598, 372, 1072, 615]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
10,10,paragraph_title,Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk,"[600, 659, 922, 684]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
10,11,text,"We found that of the acromial morphologic measures analyzed, only acromial slope and acromiohumeral distance were associated with a higher risk of recurrence 2 years after SSP repair. The critical sho","[598, 706, 1073, 1118]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,12,figure_title,Table 7. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the AHI cutoff,"[98, 1155, 642, 1178]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 7. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the A""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
10,13,table,"<table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>AHI ≤ 7.4 mm</td><td>AHI $ &gt; $ 7.4 mm</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>WORC, mean $ \pm $ SD</td><td>97 $ \pm $ 2.6</td><td>97 $ \pm $ 2.2</td><td>0.56</td></tr>","[96, 1177, 1069, 1400]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,14,vision_footnote,AHI = acromiohumeral interval; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index.,"[98, 1406, 682, 1431]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: AHI = acromiohumeral interval; WORC = Western Ontario Rotato""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,15,footer_image,,"[904, 1470, 1071, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
10,16,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
11,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMl0hCy
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11,1,number,1168,"[101, 80, 144, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
11,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[171, 80, 271, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
11,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[737, 79, 1070, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
11,4,figure_title,Table 8. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the AS cutoff,"[97, 138, 635, 160]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 8. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the A""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
11,5,table,"<table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>AS ≤ 24.5°</td><td>AS &gt; 24.5°</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>WORC, mean $ \pm $ SD</td><td>97 $ \pm $ 2.3</td><td>97 $ \pm $ 2.6</td><td>0.84</td></tr><tr><td>O","[95, 160, 1069, 385]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
11,6,vision_footnote,"AS = acromial slope; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index,","[97, 389, 600, 415]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: AS = acromial slope; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Ind""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
11,7,text,that a higher critical shoulder angle is associated with a higher risk of full-thickness retears of the rotator cuff at shorter follow-up intervals. Another study reported that a critical shoulder ang,"[95, 471, 571, 1026]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
11,8,paragraph_title,Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk,"[99, 1070, 409, 1096]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
11,9,text,We found that glenoid orientation in terms of inclination and version was not associated with radiologic outcomes after SSP repair. Glenoid orientation could impact the forces acting on the reconstruc,"[97, 1117, 570, 1216]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
11,10,text,,"[597, 472, 1073, 1217]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
11,11,figure_title,Table 9. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and those with a reruptured SSP regarding preoperative acromial morphology and glenoid orientation,"[97, 1263, 1037, 1309]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 9. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and ""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
11,12,table,<table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>Sugaya Groups 1 to 3</td><td>Sugaya Groups 4 and 5</td><td>Mean difference (95% CI)</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>GV in $ \circ $</td><td>$ -2 \pm 3 $</td><td>$ -3 ,"[100, 1311, 1070, 1401]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
11,13,vision_footnote,SSP = supraspinatus tendon; GV = glenoidal version; GI = glenoidal inclination.,"[98, 1407, 698, 1431]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: SSP = supraspinatus tendon; GV = glenoidal version; GI = gle""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
11,14,footer_image,,"[100, 1471, 268, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
11,15,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1538, 1148, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
12,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy
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12,1,header,"Volume 481, Number 6","[100, 80, 278, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
12,2,header,SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology,"[583, 80, 999, 102]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
12,3,number,1169,"[1029, 81, 1069, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
12,4,figure_title,Table 10. Postoperative clinical outcomes depending on SSP integrity,"[98, 138, 633, 160]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 10. Postoperative clinical outcomes depending on SSP i""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
12,5,table,<table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>Sugaya Groups 1 to 3</td><td>Sugaya Groups 4 and 5</td><td>Mean difference (95% CI)</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>WORC in points</td><td>98 $ \pm $ 2</td><td>97 $ ,"[99, 165, 1070, 252]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
12,6,vision_footnote,Data are presented as the mean ± SD. SSP = supraspinatus tendon; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index.,"[98, 262, 956, 285]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: Data are presented as the mean \u00b1 SD. SSP = supraspinatus ten""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
12,7,paragraph_title,Clinical Outcome Depending on Retear of the SSP,"[98, 321, 513, 345]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Clinical Outcome Depending on Retear of the SSP""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
12,8,text,We found no difference in clinical outcome between patients with intact and reruptured SSP tendons and no association with preoperative glenoid morphology and orientation. These results are important ,"[95, 368, 571, 968]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True
12,9,paragraph_title,Conclusion,"[100, 1015, 198, 1037]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion""]",section_heading,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True
12,10,text,"We found that acromiohumeral distance and acromial slope are associated with the risk of retear of the SSP tendon after repair. In addition, we observed no association of glenoid inclination and gleno","[97, 1061, 571, 1424]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True
12,11,text,,"[599, 321, 1069, 370]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
12,12,paragraph_title,References,"[602, 392, 708, 415]",reference_heading,0.9,"[""references heading: References""]",reference_heading,0.9,reference_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
12,13,reference_content,"1. Ames JB, Horan MP, Van der Meijden OAJ, Leake MJ, Millett PJ. Association between acromial index and outcomes following arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg A","[611, 425, 1071, 504]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 1. Ames JB, Horan MP, Van der Meijden OAJ, Leake MJ, Millett""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,14,reference_content,"2. Balke M, Schmidt C, Dedy N, Banerjee M, Bouillon B, Liem D. Correlation of acromial morphology with impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears. Acta Orthop. 2013;84:178-183.","[612, 505, 1069, 564]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 2. Balke M, Schmidt C, Dedy N, Banerjee M, Bouillon B, Liem ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,15,reference_content,"3. Bigliani LU, Ticker JB, Flatow EL, Soslotsky LJ, Mow VC. The relationship of acromial architecture to rotator cuff disease. Clin Sports Med. 1991;10:823-838.","[612, 565, 1069, 624]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 3. Bigliani LU, Ticker JB, Flatow EL, Soslotsky LJ, Mow VC. ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,16,reference_content,"4. Bishop JL, Kline SK, Aalderink KJ, Zauel R, Bey MJ. Glenoid inclination: in vivo measures in rotator cuff tear patients and associations with superior glenohumeral joint translation. J Shoulder Elb","[613, 625, 1070, 702]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 4. Bishop JL, Kline SK, Aalderink KJ, Zauel R, Bey MJ. Gleno""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,17,reference_content,"5. Castricini R, Longo UG, De Benedetto M, et al. Platelet-rich plasma augmentation for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:258-265.","[613, 705, 1070, 763]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 5. Castricini R, Longo UG, De Benedetto M, et al. Platelet-r""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,18,reference_content,"6. Chalmers PN, Beck L, Granger E, Henninger H, Tashjian RZ. Superior glenoid inclination and rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018;27:1444-1450.","[612, 765, 1070, 822]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 6. Chalmers PN, Beck L, Granger E, Henninger H, Tashjian RZ.""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,19,reference_content,"7. Chalmers PN, Beck L, Miller M, et al. Acromial morphology is not associated with rotator cuff tearing or repair healing. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020;29:2229-2239.","[612, 825, 1071, 883]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 7. Chalmers PN, Beck L, Miller M, et al. Acromial morphology""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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12,21,reference_content,"9. Chung SW, Oh JH, Gong HS, Kim JY, Kim SH. Factors affecting rotator cuff healing after arthroscopic repair: osteoporosis as one of the independent risk factors. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:2099-2107.","[610, 964, 1070, 1040]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 9. Chung SW, Oh JH, Gong HS, Kim JY, Kim SH. Factors affecti""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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12,23,reference_content,"11. Friedman RJ, Hawthorne KB, Genez BM. The use of computerized tomography in the measurement of glenoid version. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:1032-1037.","[604, 1104, 1071, 1162]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 11. Friedman RJ, Hawthorne KB, Genez BM. The use of computer""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,24,reference_content,"12. Fukuda H, Hamada K, Nakajima T, Tomonaga A. Pathology and pathogenesis of the intratendinous tearing of the rotator cuff viewed from en bloc histologic sections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;304:60","[605, 1164, 1070, 1240]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 12. Fukuda H, Hamada K, Nakajima T, Tomonaga A. Pathology an""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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12,26,reference_content,"14. Goutallier D, Postel JM, Bernageau J, Lavau L, Voisin MC. Fatty muscle degeneration in cuff ruptures. Pre- and postoperative evaluation by CT scan. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;304:78-83.","[605, 1303, 1070, 1361]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 14. Goutallier D, Postel JM, Bernageau J, Lavau L, Voisin MC""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,27,reference_content,"15. Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology. 1982;143:29-36.","[604, 1364, 1070, 1421]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 15. Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area un""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
12,28,footer_image,,"[904, 1471, 1071, 1502]",unknown_structural,0.2,"[""unrecognized label 'footer_image'""]",unknown_structural,0.2,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
12,29,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1149, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,support_like,none,False,False
13,0,aside_text,"Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCy
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13,1,number,1170,"[102, 81, 142, 100]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
13,2,header,Caffard et al.,"[172, 81, 270, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
13,3,header,Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $,"[738, 81, 1069, 101]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,none,False,False
13,4,reference_content,"16. Hasegawa A, Mihata T, Yasui K, Kawakami T, Itami Y, Neo M. Intra- and inter-rater agreement on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of rotator cuff integrity after repair. Arthroscopy. 2016;32:24","[103, 142, 566, 218]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 16. Hasegawa A, Mihata T, Yasui K, Kawakami T, Itami Y, Neo ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,5,reference_content,"17. Hughes RE, Bryant CR, Hall JM, et al. Glenoid inclination is associated with full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;407:86-91.","[103, 221, 566, 279]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 17. Hughes RE, Bryant CR, Hall JM, et al. Glenoid inclinatio""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,6,reference_content,"18. Incesoy MA, Yildiz KI, Türk OI, et al. The critical shoulder angle, the acromial index, the glenoid version angle and the acromial angulation are associated with rotator cuff tears. Knee Surg Spor","[103, 282, 567, 358]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 18. Incesoy MA, Yildiz KI, T\u00fcrk OI, et al. The critical shou""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,7,reference_content,"19. Jost B, Pfirrmann CWA, Gerber C, Switzerland Z. Clinical outcome after structural failure of rotator cuff repairs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82:304-314.","[102, 361, 566, 418]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 19. Jost B, Pfirrmann CWA, Gerber C, Switzerland Z. Clinical""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,8,reference_content,"20. Jost B, Zumstein M, Pfirrmann CWA, Gerber C. Long-term outcome after structural failure of rotator cuff repairs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:472-479.","[101, 422, 566, 477]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 20. Jost B, Zumstein M, Pfirrmann CWA, Gerber C. Long-term o""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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13,10,reference_content,"22. Kirkley A, Alvarez C, Griffin S. The development and evaluation of a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for disorders of the rotator cuff: The Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index. Clin ","[100, 541, 568, 618]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 22. Kirkley A, Alvarez C, Griffin S. The development and eva""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,11,reference_content,"23. Kirsch JM, Nathani A, Robbins CB, Gagnier JJ, Bedi A, Miller BS. Is there an association between the “critical shoulder angle” and clinical outcome after rotator cuff repair? Orthop J Sports Med. ","[100, 620, 567, 697]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 23. Kirsch JM, Nathani A, Robbins CB, Gagnier JJ, Bedi A, Mi""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,12,reference_content,"24. Kitay GS, Iannotti JP, Williams GR, Haygood T, Kneeland BJ, Berlin J. Roentgenographic assessment of acromial morphologic condition in rotator cuff impingement syndrome. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 199","[100, 700, 567, 776]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 24. Kitay GS, Iannotti JP, Williams GR, Haygood T, Kneeland ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,13,reference_content,"25. Ko J-Y, Huang CC, Chen W-J, Chen C-E, Chen S-H, Wang C-J. Pathogenesis of partial tear of the rotator cuff: a clinical and pathologic study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15:271-278.","[101, 779, 566, 838]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 25. Ko J-Y, Huang CC, Chen W-J, Chen C-E, Chen S-H, Wang C-J""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,14,reference_content,"26. Lee M, Chen JY, Liow MHL, Chong HC, Chang P, Lie D. Critical shoulder angle and acromial index do not influence 24-month functional outcome after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Am J Sports Med.","[101, 840, 565, 916]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 26. Lee M, Chen JY, Liow MHL, Chong HC, Chang P, Lie D. Crit""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,15,reference_content,"27. Li H, Chen Y, Chen J, Hua Y, Chen S. Large critical shoulder angle has higher risk of tendon retear after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46:1892-1900.","[100, 919, 567, 977]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 27. Li H, Chen Y, Chen J, Hua Y, Chen S. Large critical shou""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,16,reference_content,"28. Ma J, Sahoo S, Imrey PB, et al. Inter-rater agreement of rotator cuff tendon and muscle magnetic resonance imaging parameters","[100, 979, 568, 1016]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 28. Ma J, Sahoo S, Imrey PB, et al. Inter-rater agreement of""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,17,reference_content,evaluated preoperatively and during the first postoperative year following rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30:e741-e752.,"[629, 143, 1069, 197]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: evaluated preoperatively and during the first postoperative ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
13,18,reference_content,"29. Maurer A, Fucentese SF, Pfirrmann CWA, et al. Assessment of glenoid inclination on routine clinical radiographs and computed tomography examinations of the shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21","[604, 202, 1070, 278]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 29. Maurer A, Fucentese SF, Pfirrmann CWA, et al. Assessment""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,19,reference_content,"30. Moor BK, Bouaicha S, Rothenfluh DA, Sukthankar A, Gerber C. Is there an association between the individual anatomy of the scapula and the development of rotator cuff tears or osteoarthritis of the","[604, 281, 1069, 378]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 30. Moor BK, Bouaicha S, Rothenfluh DA, Sukthankar A, Gerber""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,20,reference_content,"31. Moses DA, Chang EY, Schweitzer ME. The scapuloacromial angle: a 3D analysis of acromial slope and its relationship with shoulder impingement. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;24:1371-1377.","[603, 382, 1068, 457]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 31. Moses DA, Chang EY, Schweitzer ME. The scapuloacromial a""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,21,reference_content,"32. Oh JH, Kim SH, Choi J-A, Kim Y, Oh CH. Reliability of the grading system for fatty degeneration of rotator cuff muscles. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:1558-1564.","[604, 460, 1068, 518]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 32. Oh JH, Kim SH, Choi J-A, Kim Y, Oh CH. Reliability of th""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,22,reference_content,"33. Olley L, Carr A. The use of a patient-based questionnaire (the Oxford Shoulder Score) to assess outcome after rotator cuff repair. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2008;90:326-331.","[605, 520, 1069, 578]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 33. Olley L, Carr A. The use of a patient-based questionnair""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,23,reference_content,"34. Scheiderer B, Imhoff FB, Johnson JD, et al. Higher critical shoulder angle and acromion index are associated with increased retear risk after isolated supraspinatus tendon repair at short-term fol","[605, 580, 1069, 658]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 34. Scheiderer B, Imhoff FB, Johnson JD, et al. Higher criti""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,24,reference_content,"35. Tétreault P, Krueger A, Zurakowski D, Gerber C. Glenoid version and rotator cuff tears. J Orthop Res. 2004;22:202-207.","[605, 661, 1069, 717]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 35. T\u00e9treault P, Krueger A, Zurakowski D, Gerber C. Glenoid ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,25,reference_content,"36. Thomazeau H, Rolland Y, Lucas C, Duval JM, Langlais F. Atrophy of the supraspinatus belly. Assessment by MRI in 55 patients with rotator cuff pathology. Acta Orthop Scand. 1996;67:264-268.","[604, 720, 1069, 795]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 36. Thomazeau H, Rolland Y, Lucas C, Duval JM, Langlais F. A""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,26,reference_content,"37. Tokgoz N, Kanatli U, Voyvoda NK, Gultekin S, Bolukbasi S, Tali ET. The relationship of glenoid and humeral version with supraspinatus tendon tears. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:509-514.","[604, 799, 1069, 876]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 37. Tokgoz N, Kanatli U, Voyvoda NK, Gultekin S, Bolukbasi S""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,27,reference_content,"38. Yoshida M, Collin P, Josseaume T, et al. Post-operative rotator cuff integrity, based on Sugaya's classification, can reflect abduction muscle strength of the shoulder. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol ","[605, 880, 1070, 956]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 38. Yoshida M, Collin P, Josseaume T, et al. Post-operative ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,28,reference_content,"39. Zhao J, Luo M, Pan J, et al. Risk factors affecting rotator cuff retear after arthroscopic repair: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30:2660-2670.","[604, 959, 1071, 1016]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 39. Zhao J, Luo M, Pan J, et al. Risk factors affecting rota""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
13,29,footer,Wolters Kluwer,"[100, 1472, 267, 1501]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
13,30,footer,Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.,"[1, 1539, 1148, 1565]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,support_like,none,False,False
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2 1 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy wCX1AWnYQp/llQrhD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFi4Ci3iVC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKv0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024 [19, 269, 55, 930] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none False True
3 1 1 header Clin Orthop Relat Res (2023) 481:1158-1170 DOI 10.1097/CORR.0000000000002520 [99, 79, 433, 123] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none False False
4 1 2 header Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{®} $ A Publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons $ ^{®} $ [795, 52, 1069, 124] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none False False
5 1 3 text Clinical Research [112, 143, 282, 168] non_body_insert 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 frontmatter_main_zone support_like short_fragment False False
6 1 4 doc_title High Acromial Slope and Low Acromiohumeral Distance Increase the Risk of Retear of the Supraspinatus Tendon After Repair [98, 221, 1069, 298] paper_title 0.6 ["page-1 frontmatter title guard: High Acromial Slope and Low Acromiohumeral Distance Increase"] paper_title 0.6 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none True True
7 1 5 text Thomas Caffard Dr med¹, Desdemona Kralewski Dr med¹, Marius Ludwig Dr med¹, Daniel Dornacher PD Dr med¹, Michael Fuchs PD Dr med¹, Thomas Kappe Prof Dr med¹, Heiko Reichel Prof Dr med¹, Mirco Sgroi PD [96, 329, 910, 403] frontmatter_support 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
8 1 6 text Received: 21 July 2022 / Accepted: 15 November 2022 / Published online: 20 December 2022 [98, 500, 710, 522] frontmatter_noise 0.8 ["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Received: 21 July 2022 / Accepted: 15 November 2022 / Publis"] frontmatter_noise 0.8 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
9 1 7 text Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons [98, 522, 530, 542] frontmatter_noise 0.8 ["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Copyright \u00a9 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeo"] frontmatter_noise 0.8 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
10 1 8 paragraph_title Abstract [99, 602, 183, 624] abstract_heading 0.95 ["abstract heading"] abstract_heading 0.95 frontmatter_side_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
11 1 9 abstract Background Retearing of the supraspinatus (SSP) tendon after repair is relatively common, but its cause is rarely clear. Although the role of acromion morphology and glenoid orientation in the pathoge [97, 626, 568, 793] abstract_body 0.85 ["abstract label from Paddle OCR"] abstract_body 0.85 unknown_like none True True
12 1 10 abstract Questions/purposes (1) Is acromial morphology associated with the risk of retear after SSP tendon repair? (2) Is there an association between inclination and version of the glenoid and the odds for re [99, 795, 569, 916] unknown_structural 0.85 ["abstract label from Paddle OCR"] abstract_body 0.85 unknown_like none False True
13 1 11 footnote Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest [98, 996, 569, 1096] frontmatter_noise 0.8 ["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Each author certifies that there are no funding or commercia"] frontmatter_noise 0.8 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
14 1 12 text patients who had intact cuff repairs and those who had retears? [599, 626, 1070, 674] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
15 1 13 footnote All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $ editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request [98, 1096, 570, 1298] footnote 0.7 ["footnote label: All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinica"] footnote 0.7 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none True True
16 1 14 text Methods Between August 2012 and December 2015, we treated 92 patients for SSP tendon tears; all of these patients were considered for inclusion in the present study. We considered patients with comple [598, 674, 1073, 1417] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
17 1 15 footnote $ ^{1} $Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RKU, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany [99, 1327, 567, 1371] footnote 0.7 ["footnote label: $ ^{1} $Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RKU, University o"] footnote 0.7 unknown_like affiliation_marker True True
18 1 16 footnote M. Sgroi ✉, Oberer Eelsberg 45, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany, Email: sgroi.mirco@yahoo.de [98, 1388, 567, 1431] footnote 0.7 ["footnote label: M. Sgroi \u2709, Oberer Eelsberg 45, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany, Email"] footnote 0.7 unknown_like none True True
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20 1 18 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1148, 1563] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
21 2 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsH04XMl0hCy wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3I3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Ci3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024 [19, 268, 55, 931] non_body_insert 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
22 2 1 header Volume 481, Number 6 [101, 80, 278, 101] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
23 2 2 header SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology [583, 80, 998, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
24 2 3 number 1159 [1029, 81, 1069, 100] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_side_zone support_like short_fragment False False
25 2 4 text same two observers using the Sugaya and Castricini classifications, accounting for atrophy and fatty degeneration of the SSP muscle. To assess interobserver reliability, the two observers took measure [96, 141, 570, 736] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
26 2 5 text Results After controlling for potentially confounding variables such as acromioplasty or preoperative fatty infiltration as well as muscle atrophy, the only morphological parameters associated with a [96, 739, 569, 1382] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
27 2 6 text Conclusion The preoperative acromiohumeral interval and acromial slope are associated with SSP tendon rupture after repair. Conversely, the critical shoulder angle, acromial tilt, lateral acromial ang [98, 1382, 569, 1433] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
28 2 7 text [599, 142, 1072, 544] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
29 2 8 text Level of Evidence Level III, therapeutic study. [601, 546, 984, 571] frontmatter_noise 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow"] frontmatter_noise 0.6 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
30 2 9 paragraph_title Introduction [601, 618, 721, 641] section_heading 0.9 ["explicit scholarly heading: Introduction"] section_heading 0.9 frontmatter_side_zone heading_like canonical_section_name True True
31 2 10 text Despite great scientific interest, the pathogenesis of supraspinatus (SSP) reruptures after repair has not been determined [12, 25]. The acromion's morphology and glenoid orientation have been postula [597, 666, 1074, 1433] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
32 2 11 footer_image [904, 1471, 1071, 1502] non_body_insert 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'footer_image'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone unknown_like empty False False
33 2 12 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1149, 1565] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
34 3 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMI0hCy wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Ci3Vc4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024 [19, 267, 55, 931] non_body_insert 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone body_like none False False
35 3 1 number 1160 [102, 80, 143, 101] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
36 3 2 header Caffard et al. [172, 80, 271, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
37 3 3 header Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $ [737, 79, 1070, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
38 3 4 text been established between the acromion and glenoid morphology and clinical results after repair [1, 23, 26]. Therefore, it would be interesting to know whether patients who suffered a rerupture also ha [97, 139, 568, 258] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
39 3 5 text We therefore asked: (1) Is acromial morphology associated with the risk of retear after SSP tendon repair? (2) Is there an association between inclination and version of the glenoid and the odds for r [96, 260, 569, 427] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
40 3 6 paragraph_title Patients and Methods Study Design and Setting [98, 475, 310, 548] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Patients and Methods Study Design and Setting"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
41 3 7 footer [98, 522, 310, 548] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like empty False False
42 3 8 text This retrospective study investigated the relationship of acromial morphology and glenoidal orientation with the risk of suffering a retear of the SSP 2 years after rotator cuff reconstruction. It was [97, 570, 570, 716] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
43 3 9 paragraph_title Participants [99, 763, 206, 787] sub_subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Participants"] sub_subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
44 3 10 text Between August 2012 and December 2015, we treated 92 patients for SSP tendon tears who were considered for inclusion in the present study. We considered patients with complete tear of the SSP that was [97, 808, 570, 1195] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
45 3 11 paragraph_title Descriptive Data [99, 1240, 244, 1265] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Descriptive Data"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
46 3 12 text A total of 51% (28 of 55) of the patients were women. The mean age was $ 66 \pm 10 $ years (range 46 to 86 years). The right side was affected in 67% (37 of 55) of the patients, and the mean BMI was [96, 1287, 569, 1433] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
47 3 13 paragraph_title Surgical Technique [600, 140, 766, 166] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Surgical Technique"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
48 3 14 text Two experienced shoulder surgeons (TK and MS), who were not involved in the radiologic examinations, performed the arthroscopic procedures. The surgeons were senior surgeons who specialize in shoulder [598, 187, 1072, 1173] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
49 3 15 paragraph_title Aftercare [601, 1216, 687, 1241] sub_subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Aftercare"] sub_subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
50 3 16 text After the surgical procedure, the operated-on arm was immobilized in an abduction pillow (Ultra Sling III) for 6 weeks. The patients were allowed to perform passive exercises for 6 weeks. Then, the pi [598, 1264, 1072, 1433] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
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52 3 18 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1148, 1564] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
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54 4 1 header Volume 481, Number 6 [101, 80, 278, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
55 4 2 header SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology [583, 80, 998, 103] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
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57 4 4 figure_title Table 1. Demographic data and preoperative tendon quality of the investigated patients (n = 55) [98, 138, 568, 183] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 1. Demographic data and preoperative tendon quality of"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
58 4 5 table <table><tr><td>Parameter</td><td>Value</td></tr><tr><td>Women, % (n)</td><td>51 (28)</td></tr><tr><td>Side involved, right, % (n)</td><td>67 (37)</td></tr><tr><td>Age in years, mean $ \pm $ SD</td><t [91, 184, 565, 999] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
59 4 6 text Interval-scaled variables were tested with a t-test. ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists. [99, 1007, 530, 1055] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
60 4 7 paragraph_title Clinical Assessment at Follow-up [99, 1069, 375, 1095] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Clinical Assessment at Follow-up"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
61 4 8 text All patients were clinically assessed at a minimum follow-up of 2 years by a single trainee in sports orthopaedics (DK). Patients were asked to complete two clinical shoulder scores: the Western Ontar [97, 1117, 569, 1240] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
62 4 9 paragraph_title Radiologic Examination at Follow-up [99, 1284, 410, 1311] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Radiologic Examination at Follow-up"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
63 4 10 text MRI was performed at the time of follow-up $ (2.3 \pm 0.4 $ years) using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner (Magnetom TIM-Symphony). The patients were positioned in the supine position with the arm in neutral r [97, 1331, 569, 1431] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
64 4 11 text [599, 140, 1072, 597] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
65 4 12 paragraph_title Measurements on Preoperative True AP Radiographs and MRI [600, 641, 1040, 690] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Measurements on Preoperative True AP Radiographs and MRI"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
66 4 13 text As part of the preoperative plan, MRI was preoperatively performed on all shoulders in this study. MR images were obtained with a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner without contrast. To assess acromial morphology [599, 714, 1072, 932] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
67 4 14 paragraph_title Acromiohumeral Interval [601, 977, 814, 1001] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Acromiohumeral Interval"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
68 4 15 text The acromiohumeral interval was defined as the shortest interval between the humeral head and acromion. It was measured on a true AP radiograph with the arm in neutral rotation. The acromiohumeral int [599, 1023, 1072, 1219] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
69 4 16 paragraph_title Glenoidal Version [602, 1264, 757, 1288] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoidal Version"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
70 4 17 text Glenoid version was measured in the axial plane according to Friedman et al. [11]. First, the Friedman line, which connects the medial tip of the scapula to the center of the glenoid, was drawn. Then, [598, 1310, 1072, 1434] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
71 4 18 footer_image [903, 1471, 1071, 1502] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'footer_image'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone unknown_like empty False True
72 4 19 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [2, 1538, 1149, 1565] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
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76 5 3 header Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $ [738, 79, 1070, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
77 5 4 image [156, 168, 469, 578] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone unknown_like empty True True
78 5 5 figure_title Fig. 1 This figure shows how the critical shoulder angle (CSA) was determined. The critical shoulder angle was defined as the angle between a line connecting the inferior glenoid border to the lateral [95, 595, 570, 709] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 1 This figure shows how the critical shoulder angle (CS"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
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80 5 7 figure_title Fig. 3 The figure shows how acromial tilt (AT) was determined. Acromial tilt was defined as the angle between a line connecting the anterior and posterior margins of the acromion and a line extending [598, 595, 1070, 708] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 3 The figure shows how acromial tilt (AT) was determine"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
81 5 8 image [158, 816, 516, 1259] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone unknown_like empty True True
82 5 9 figure_title Fig. 2 The figure shows the measurement of acromial slope (AS). To measure acromial slope, the midpoint of the inferior acromion was established. A line was drawn between the most anterior edge of the [97, 1277, 570, 1432] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 2 The figure shows the measurement of acromial slope (A"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
83 5 10 image [659, 845, 968, 1280] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone unknown_like empty True True
84 5 11 figure_title Fig. 4 The figure shows how the lateral acromial angle (LAA) was determined. First, a line was drawn between the superior and inferior rims of the glenoid. A second line, parallel and tangential to th [599, 1297, 1072, 1432] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 4 The figure shows how the lateral acromial angle (LAA)"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
85 5 12 footer_image [101, 1471, 267, 1501] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'footer_image'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone unknown_like empty False True
86 5 13 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1148, 1565] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
87 6 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMlOhCy wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyI7TvSFi4Ci3iVC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024 [19, 268, 56, 931] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone body_like none False True
88 6 1 header Volume 481, Number 6 [101, 80, 278, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
89 6 2 header SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology [583, 80, 998, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
90 6 3 number 1163 [1030, 80, 1069, 100] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
91 6 4 image [110, 145, 513, 695] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone unknown_like empty True True
92 6 5 figure_title Fig. 5 The figure shows how the acromial index was determined. A line was drawn to connect the superior and inferior borders of the glenoid and defined as the glenoid plane. A second line, parallel to [97, 715, 569, 938] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 5 The figure shows how the acromial index was determine"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
93 6 6 text The angle between these two lines was defined as the glenoid version. [98, 974, 568, 1025] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
94 6 7 paragraph_title Glenoidal Inclination [99, 1071, 279, 1096] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoidal Inclination"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
95 6 8 text Glenoid inclination was measured in the coronal plane using MRI according to Hughes et al. [17] and Maurer et al. [29]. Glenoid inclination was defined by determining the angle between a parallel, tan [97, 1118, 568, 1242] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
96 6 9 figure_title Table 2. Sugaya classification [10, 38] [602, 138, 889, 161] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 2. Sugaya classification [10, 38]"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
97 6 10 paragraph_title Measurements on Postoperative MRI [99, 1285, 405, 1310] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Measurements on Postoperative MRI"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
98 6 11 text To investigate the quality and morphologic integrity of the SSP tendon, the following radiologic parameters were determined using postoperative MRI performed $ 2.3 \pm 0.4 $ years after surgery: Suga [97, 1332, 569, 1433] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
99 6 12 text [600, 552, 1071, 677] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
100 6 13 table <table><tr><td>Type 1</td><td>Sufficient thickness of the tendon, tendon continuity preserved, homogeneous low signal intensity</td></tr><tr><td>Type 2</td><td>Sufficient thickness of the tendon, with [600, 170, 1070, 513] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
101 6 14 paragraph_title Sugaya Classification [601, 735, 783, 760] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Sugaya Classification"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
102 6 15 text To assess the tendon’s integrity, we applied the Sugaya classification (Table 2). In a recent study by Hasegawa et al. [16], the Sugaya classification showed good to excellent (kappa = 0.68 to 0.91) i [598, 782, 1072, 1025] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
103 6 16 paragraph_title Castricini Classification [601, 1070, 803, 1095] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Castricini Classification"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
104 6 17 text To better investigate tendon quality after repair, we applied the Castricini classification [5] (Table 3). To better compare the differences, the individual subclasses were presented separately rather [599, 1117, 1071, 1288] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
105 6 18 paragraph_title Fatty Infiltration of the SSP Muscle [600, 1332, 894, 1358] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Fatty Infiltration of the SSP Muscle"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
106 6 19 text We evaluated fatty infiltration according to Goutailler et al. [14]. A study on the reliability of assessing fatty infiltration [599, 1380, 1071, 1431] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
107 6 20 footer_image [903, 1471, 1071, 1502] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'footer_image'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone unknown_like empty False True
108 6 21 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1538, 1149, 1563] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
109 7 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMl0hCy wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRy17TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024 [18, 268, 55, 930] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone body_like none False True
110 7 1 number 1164 [102, 80, 143, 100] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
111 7 2 header Caffard et al. [172, 80, 270, 101] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
112 7 3 header Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $ [738, 79, 1070, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
113 7 4 figure_title Table 3. Castricini classification [5] [99, 138, 365, 160] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 3. Castricini classification [5]"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
114 7 5 table <table><tr><td>Signal intensity</td><td>I</td><td>Higher signal intensity throughout the whole tendon thickness</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>II</td><td>Focal increase of signal intensity</td></tr><tr><td [99, 169, 1068, 454] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
115 7 6 text with the Goutailler classification found good intrarater (ICC = 0.72) and interrater reliability (ICC = 0.68) [32]. [97, 484, 569, 535] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
116 7 7 paragraph_title Atrophy of the SSP Muscle [98, 579, 322, 606] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Atrophy of the SSP Muscle"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
117 7 8 text We graded SSP muscle atrophy according to Thomazeau et al.'s method [36]. A study analyzing SSP muscle atrophy during the first year after reconstruction showed moderate agreement for interrater and i [97, 627, 569, 750] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
118 7 9 paragraph_title Primary and Secondary Study Outcomes [100, 796, 433, 821] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Primary and Secondary Study Outcomes"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
119 7 10 text Our primary study goal was to investigate the association between acromion morphology and SSP reupture rates 2 years after repair. All preoperative MR images were used by two blinded observers (TC and [96, 845, 571, 1420] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
120 7 11 text [599, 485, 1071, 583] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
121 7 12 paragraph_title Ethical Approval [601, 628, 748, 652] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Ethical Approval"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
122 7 13 text Independent institutional review board approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the University of Ulm (number 104/17). [599, 676, 1072, 750] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
123 7 14 paragraph_title Statistical Analysis [601, 796, 761, 820] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Statistical Analysis"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
124 7 15 text The sample size was calculated based on a binomial logarithmic regression analysis, assuming a 95% CI, a 0.15 effect size, and including seven predictors, resulting in a sample size of at least 55 pat [598, 843, 1073, 1421] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
125 7 16 footer_image [100, 1472, 268, 1501] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'footer_image'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone unknown_like empty False True
126 7 17 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1149, 1565] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
127 8 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy wCX1AVNYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRy17TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024 [19, 267, 56, 931] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone body_like none False True
128 8 1 header Volume 481, Number 6 [101, 80, 278, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
129 8 2 header SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology [583, 80, 998, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
130 8 3 number 1165 [1029, 80, 1069, 100] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
131 8 4 text according to the Sugaya classification (Group 1: Sugaya Grades 1 to 3 and Group 2: Sugaya Grades 4 and 5). Acromial morphology, glenoid inclination, and glenoid version measured on preoperative MRI we [97, 140, 569, 381] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
132 8 5 paragraph_title Results Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk [97, 426, 419, 500] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Results Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
133 8 6 footer [97, 475, 419, 500] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like empty False False
134 8 7 text Only the acromiohumeral interval (adjusted OR 0.9 [95% CI 0.9 to 0.99; p < 0.01) and acromial slope (adjusted OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.1 to 1.8]; p < 0.01) were associated with the risk of SSP rerupture after [97, 521, 571, 907] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
135 8 8 figure_title Table 4. Logarithmic multivariate regression analysis of the likelihood of suffering a rerupture of the SSP tendon [98, 957, 552, 1003] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 4. Logarithmic multivariate regression analysis of the"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
136 8 9 table <table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>Adjusted OR (95% CI)</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>Acromial slope</td><td>1.4 (1.1 to 1.8)</td><td>&lt; 0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Acromiohumeral distance</td><td>0.9 (0. [99, 1006, 565, 1221] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
137 8 10 text The model achieved statistical significance in four steps (p < 0.001). Concomitant subscapularis reconstruction, tenodesis of the long head of the biceps tendon, lateral clavicula resection, and acrom [97, 1232, 569, 1433] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
138 8 11 text [598, 140, 1073, 502] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
139 8 12 paragraph_title Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk [600, 546, 912, 570] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
140 8 13 text There was no difference between patients with intact SSP tendons and those with reruptured SSP tendons in terms of glenoid inclination ( $ 6^\circ \pm 4^\circ $ versus $ 6^\circ \pm 3^\circ $, mean d [600, 593, 1071, 740] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
141 8 14 paragraph_title Clinical Outcome [601, 784, 752, 809] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Clinical Outcome"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
142 8 15 text No difference in clinical outcomes was found between patients with intact SSPs and those with reruptured SSPs (Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index: $ 98 \pm 2 $ versus $ 97 \pm 3 $, mean difference 0 [599, 832, 1071, 1004] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
143 8 16 paragraph_title Discussion [601, 1047, 705, 1072] section_heading 0.9 ["explicit scholarly heading: Discussion"] section_heading 0.9 body_zone heading_like canonical_section_name True True
144 8 17 text Acromion morphology and glenoid orientation may be associated with the risk of SSP tendon ruptures [8, 18, 37]. However, it is unclear whether these morphologic characteristics are associated with the [598, 1095, 1073, 1433] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
145 8 18 footer_image [903, 1470, 1071, 1502] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'footer_image'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone unknown_like empty False True
146 8 19 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1149, 1565] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
147 9 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024 [19, 267, 55, 930] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone body_like none False True
148 9 1 number 1166 [102, 81, 143, 100] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
149 9 2 header Caffard et al. [172, 80, 271, 101] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
150 9 3 header Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $ [737, 79, 1070, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
151 9 4 figure_title Table 5. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and those with a reruptured SSP regarding preoperative acromial morphology and glenoid orientation [98, 137, 1035, 184] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 5. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and "] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
152 9 5 table <table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>Sugaya 1 to 3</td><td>Sugaya 4 and 5</td><td>Mean difference (95% CI)</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>AHI in mm</td><td>83 $ \pm $ 20</td><td>61 $ \pm $ 16</td><td>2 [95, 187, 1070, 378] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
153 9 6 vision_footnote Data are presented as the mean ± SD. SSP = supraspinatus tendon; AHI = acromiohumeral interval; CSA = critical shoulder angle; AS = acromial slope; AT = acromial tilt; LAA = lateral acromial angle; AI [99, 387, 1071, 433] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: Data are presented as the mean \u00b1 SD. SSP = supraspinatus ten"] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
154 9 7 paragraph_title Limitations [99, 468, 197, 492] sub_subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Limitations"] sub_subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
155 9 8 text First, in most instances, the analyzed patients underwent mild acromioplasty. Because the probability of suffering a retear of the SSP tendon was evaluated using parameters before acromioplasty, the m [95, 516, 571, 829] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
156 9 9 chart [115, 866, 551, 1280] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: chart"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone unknown_like empty True True
157 9 10 figure_title Fig. 6 The figure represents the receiver operating characteristic curve of the acromiohumeral interval and acromial slope. The coordinates on the curve determined the cutoff values for identifying a [97, 1299, 570, 1432] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 6 The figure represents the receiver operating characte"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
158 9 11 text technique were included. In our opinion, this criterion was important because if patients who had undergone a different reconstructive technique for the SSP had been included, this could have affected [598, 467, 1072, 994] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
159 9 12 text Fourth, because the preoperative MRI examinations were performed before the start of this study, standardization of imaging techniques was not possible a priori. This is a limitation of the present st [598, 994, 1074, 1427] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
160 9 13 footer_image [101, 1472, 267, 1501] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'footer_image'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone unknown_like empty False True
161 9 14 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1149, 1564] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
162 10 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMlOhCy wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSF14Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKVOYmy+78= on 01/20/2024 [19, 267, 55, 930] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone body_like none False True
163 10 1 header Volume 481, Number 6 [100, 80, 278, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
164 10 2 header SSP Rerupture and Acromial and Glenoidal Morphology [583, 80, 999, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
165 10 3 number 1167 [1029, 80, 1069, 100] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
166 10 4 figure_title Table 6. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, OR, and AUC of acromial slope and acromiohumeral distance [97, 138, 920, 160] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 6. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, OR, and"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
167 10 5 table <table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>Acromiohumeral distance (95% CI)</td><td>Acromial slope (95% CI)</td></tr><tr><td>Sensitivity, %</td><td>77 (46 to 95)</td><td>85 (54 to 98)</td></tr><tr><td>Specificit [99, 164, 1070, 305] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
168 10 6 vision_footnote AUC = area under the curve. [98, 313, 321, 337] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: AUC = area under the curve."] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
169 10 7 text resolution. However, we do not have a 3.0 Tesla MRI in our department; this reflects the situation in most clinics and therefore does not seem to be a major limitation. [95, 373, 568, 444] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
170 10 8 text Sixth, residents performed the measurements. Because of their inexperience, they may have produced imprecise results. To avoid this, both observers underwent training before the measurements, during w [95, 445, 572, 1117] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
171 10 9 text [598, 372, 1072, 615] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
172 10 10 paragraph_title Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk [600, 659, 922, 684] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Acromial Morphology and Retear Risk"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
173 10 11 text We found that of the acromial morphologic measures analyzed, only acromial slope and acromiohumeral distance were associated with a higher risk of recurrence 2 years after SSP repair. The critical sho [598, 706, 1073, 1118] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
174 10 12 figure_title Table 7. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the AHI cutoff [98, 1155, 642, 1178] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 7. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the A"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
175 10 13 table <table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>AHI ≤ 7.4 mm</td><td>AHI $ &gt; $ 7.4 mm</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>WORC, mean $ \pm $ SD</td><td>97 $ \pm $ 2.6</td><td>97 $ \pm $ 2.2</td><td>0.56</td></tr> [96, 1177, 1069, 1400] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
176 10 14 vision_footnote AHI = acromiohumeral interval; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index. [98, 1406, 682, 1431] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: AHI = acromiohumeral interval; WORC = Western Ontario Rotato"] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
177 10 15 footer_image [904, 1470, 1071, 1502] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'footer_image'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone unknown_like empty False True
178 10 16 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1149, 1565] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone support_like none False False
179 11 0 aside_text Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbslHo4XMl0hCy wCX1AWnYQp/llQrHD3i3D0OdRyj7TvSFI4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/20/2024 [19, 265, 56, 930] unknown_structural 0.2 ["unrecognized label 'aside_text'"] unknown_structural 0.2 body_zone body_like none False True
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181 11 2 header Caffard et al. [171, 80, 271, 101] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
182 11 3 header Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research $ ^{\circledR} $ [737, 79, 1070, 102] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
183 11 4 figure_title Table 8. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the AS cutoff [97, 138, 635, 160] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 8. Clinical and radiologic outcomes depending on the A"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
184 11 5 table <table><tr><td>Variable</td><td>AS ≤ 24.5°</td><td>AS &gt; 24.5°</td><td>p value</td></tr><tr><td>WORC, mean $ \pm $ SD</td><td>97 $ \pm $ 2.3</td><td>97 $ \pm $ 2.6</td><td>0.84</td></tr><tr><td>O [95, 160, 1069, 385] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
185 11 6 vision_footnote AS = acromial slope; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index, [97, 389, 600, 415] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: AS = acromial slope; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Ind"] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
186 11 7 text that a higher critical shoulder angle is associated with a higher risk of full-thickness retears of the rotator cuff at shorter follow-up intervals. Another study reported that a critical shoulder ang [95, 471, 571, 1026] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
187 11 8 paragraph_title Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk [99, 1070, 409, 1096] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Glenoid Morphology and Retear Risk"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
188 11 9 text We found that glenoid orientation in terms of inclination and version was not associated with radiologic outcomes after SSP repair. Glenoid orientation could impact the forces acting on the reconstruc [97, 1117, 570, 1216] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
189 11 10 text [597, 472, 1073, 1217] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
190 11 11 figure_title Table 9. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and those with a reruptured SSP regarding preoperative acromial morphology and glenoid orientation [97, 1263, 1037, 1309] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 9. Comparison between patients with an intact SSP and "] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
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192 11 13 vision_footnote SSP = supraspinatus tendon; GV = glenoidal version; GI = glenoidal inclination. [98, 1407, 698, 1431] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: SSP = supraspinatus tendon; GV = glenoidal version; GI = gle"] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
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199 12 4 figure_title Table 10. Postoperative clinical outcomes depending on SSP integrity [98, 138, 633, 160] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 10. Postoperative clinical outcomes depending on SSP i"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
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201 12 6 vision_footnote Data are presented as the mean ± SD. SSP = supraspinatus tendon; WORC = Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index. [98, 262, 956, 285] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: Data are presented as the mean \u00b1 SD. SSP = supraspinatus ten"] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
202 12 7 paragraph_title Clinical Outcome Depending on Retear of the SSP [98, 321, 513, 345] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Clinical Outcome Depending on Retear of the SSP"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
203 12 8 text We found no difference in clinical outcome between patients with intact and reruptured SSP tendons and no association with preoperative glenoid morphology and orientation. These results are important [95, 368, 571, 968] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone body_like none True True
204 12 9 paragraph_title Conclusion [100, 1015, 198, 1037] section_heading 0.9 ["explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion"] section_heading 0.9 tail_nonref_hold_zone heading_like canonical_section_name True True
205 12 10 text We found that acromiohumeral distance and acromial slope are associated with the risk of retear of the SSP tendon after repair. In addition, we observed no association of glenoid inclination and gleno [97, 1061, 571, 1424] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone body_like none True True
206 12 11 text [599, 321, 1069, 370] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
207 12 12 paragraph_title References [602, 392, 708, 415] reference_heading 0.9 ["references heading: References"] reference_heading 0.9 reference_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
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253 13 28 reference_content 39. Zhao J, Luo M, Pan J, et al. Risk factors affecting rotator cuff retear after arthroscopic repair: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30:2660-2670. [604, 959, 1071, 1016] reference_item 0.85 ["reference content label: 39. Zhao J, Luo M, Pan J, et al. Risk factors affecting rota"] reference_item 0.85 reference_zone reference_like reference_numeric_dot True True
254 13 29 footer Wolters Kluwer [100, 1472, 267, 1501] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 unknown_like short_fragment False False
255 13 30 footer Copyright © 2022 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. [1, 1539, 1148, 1565] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 support_like none False False

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1,0,number,268,"[113, 68, 146, 87]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False
1,1,header,Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1994; 53: 268–275,"[740, 66, 1108, 88]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,2,paragraph_title,REVIEW,"[112, 135, 218, 162]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 article-type label: review""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,frontmatter_main_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False
1,3,doc_title,Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis,"[315, 202, 963, 242]",paper_title,0.6,"[""page-1 frontmatter title guard: Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis""]",paper_title,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,4,text,J C Buckland-Wright,"[312, 289, 504, 315]",authors,0.6,"[""page-1 initial-lastname author byline: J C Buckland-Wright""]",authors,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,True,True
1,5,footer,"Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London, United Kingdom J C Buckland-Wright","[112, 1346, 298, 1493]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,none,False,False
1,6,text,"Radiography is important in the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) as the features described in the pathology of the disease can be visualised, with joint space narrowing generally thought to reflect ca","[313, 357, 706, 916]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,7,text,"Scoring systems, although an essential and widely used method for assessing disease progression, suffer from a number of limitations. They are based on two assumptions, first that the change in any on","[313, 916, 706, 1383]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,8,footnote,"Correspondence to:
Dr J C Buckland-Wright,
Division of Anato",frontmatter_support,0.75,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,9,text,Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in peripheral joints with OA are based on measure,"[314, 1382, 706, 1610]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in periph,frontmatter_noise,0.8,,body_like,none,False,False
1,10,text,,"[718, 358, 1112, 662]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,,unknown_like,empty,False,True
1,11,paragraph_title,Standard radiography,"[720, 700, 932, 722]",unknown_structural,0.5,unnumbered paragraph_title on page 1 outside title zone: Standard radiography,section_heading,0.5,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,none,False,True
1,12,text,The radiographic image is a shadow of the differential absorption of x rays by the tissues of the jo,"[718, 722, 1112, 851]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,13,text,"Advantages Standard radiography is simple, cheap, easily accessible and well understood. The radiogr","[719, 850, 1112, 1022]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,14,text,Limitations The relatively large size of the x ray source of standard x ray tubes (usually 1 mm and ,"[719, 1022, 1112, 1298]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,15,text,Apart from those investigators who have developed special stereotaxic devices for examining leg alig,"[719, 1298, 1114, 1609]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Apart from those investigators who have developed special st,frontmatter_noise,0.8,,unknown_like,none,False,False
2,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[88, 62, 310, 84]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,1,number,269,"[1057, 61, 1089, 79]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False
2,2,image,,"[294, 111, 1087, 755]",media_asset,0.85,media label: image,media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
2,3,figure_title,Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic knee joints showing different degrees of,"[287, 770, 1088, 842]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,figure_title label: Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic ,figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
2,4,text,reliable assessment of joint space loss. The absence of any standards in the radio-anatomical positi,"[288, 867, 685, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,5,text,"but more often than not the plane of measurement is never defined. Further, no account is taken of t","[694, 866, 1092, 1364]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label; frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow,frontmatter_noise,0.6,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,6,paragraph_title,Quantitative standard radiography,"[697, 1402, 1027, 1423]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative standard radiography",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
2,7,text,Quantitative standard radiography has been applied primarily to joint space width (JSW) measurements,"[696, 1421, 1092, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,0,number,270,"[116, 66, 149, 86]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
3,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[992, 68, 1112, 89]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
3,2,text,standardisation of the position of the hip and knee and reproducible repositioning of the joints on ,"[315, 124, 708, 381]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,3,text,"In the former, Martel's group at Michigan University, undertook to define the precision of hyaline c","[314, 380, 708, 1237]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,4,text,The development of microcomputers and image analysis technique has provided the means of obtaining a,"[313, 1237, 707, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,5,text,,"[719, 126, 1116, 728]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
3,6,paragraph_title,Microfocal radiography,"[722, 766, 948, 789]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Microfocal radiography",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
3,7,text,Microfocal x ray units are characterised by an extremely small x ray source (<15 µm in diameter) whi,"[720, 788, 1113, 1025]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,8,text,Advantages of microfocal radiography are those characteristic of an extremely small x ray source. La,"[719, 1027, 1114, 1611]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[91, 62, 312, 85]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
4,1,number,271,"[1059, 58, 1090, 77]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
4,2,image,,"[95, 114, 677, 425]",media_asset,0.85,media label: image,media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
4,3,image,,"[95, 433, 681, 736]",media_asset,0.85,media label: image,media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
4,4,figure_title,Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee joints with medial compartment involvem,"[92, 753, 681, 840]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,figure_title label: Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee,figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
4,5,text,"resolution, makes it possible to detect structural detail virtually at the histological level $ ^{34","[295, 865, 687, 973]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,6,text,Limitations are also a function of the small x ray source size. The smallness of the source limits t,"[295, 972, 688, 1122]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,7,text,Care and accuracy are needed in positioning the patient in relation to the source. This requires spe,"[295, 1121, 689, 1380]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,8,paragraph_title,Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure,"[296, 1417, 656, 1459]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
4,9,text,Stereotaxic devices are used to position each patient accurately and reproducibly. The centre of the,"[295, 1459, 689, 1607]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,10,text,,"[698, 113, 1095, 588]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
4,11,text,The anatomical sites within the macroradiograph used in defining the boundaries for the measurement ,"[700, 586, 1094, 757]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,12,text,Femur: the distal convex margin of the condyle (fig 2).,"[703, 758, 1093, 800]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,13,text,"Tibia, medial compartment: a line extending from near the tibial spine to the medial or outer margin","[701, 800, 1096, 1249]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,14,text,A detailed description of the method of measuring radiographic features and the accuracy in recordin,"[701, 1248, 1098, 1607]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,0,number,272,"[114, 59, 147, 78]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
5,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[989, 61, 1109, 82]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
5,2,paragraph_title,Quantitative microfocal radiography,"[314, 116, 658, 139]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative microfocal radiography",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
5,3,text,Measurement of the radiographic features of OA of the hand and their change over an 18 month study p,"[313, 139, 706, 548]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,4,paragraph_title,Joint space width,"[313, 585, 480, 607]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Joint space width",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
5,5,text,Joint space narrowing is considered the most important radiological feature of OA but its accuracy i,"[311, 608, 706, 906]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,6,text,"In patients with early, but definite OA of the hand, JSW measurements showed that 56% of the patient","[313, 906, 706, 1058]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,7,text,,"[717, 117, 1112, 419]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
5,8,paragraph_title,"Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes","[717, 456, 1072, 521]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral scl",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
5,9,text,The results of the studies of OA of the hand $ ^{38} $ and knee $ ^{45} $ showed that the extent of ,"[717, 521, 1114, 1059]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,10,image,,"[324, 1090, 1102, 1539]",media_asset,0.85,media label: image,media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
5,11,figure_title,"Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of a patient with hand OA, sho","[316, 1548, 1053, 1601]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,figure_title label: Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalange,figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
6,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[93, 67, 315, 89]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
6,1,number,273,"[1061, 68, 1093, 86]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
6,2,text,"cartilage, measured as joint space narrowing, is a late stage phenomenon of osteoarthritis.","[294, 124, 686, 168]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,3,text,"In the OA hand, the pattern of increased sclerosis and osteophytosis $ ^{39} $ at the joints of the ","[293, 169, 688, 466]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,4,text,"Evaluation of the pattern of joint space narrowing in the OA hand patients, during the study, showed","[292, 465, 686, 959]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,5,text,The results of these investigations show that by using accurate and precise radiographic procedures ,"[290, 957, 685, 1214]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,6,text,"The greater sensitivity of this technique, compared with standard radiography, has improved the chan","[287, 1213, 683, 1614]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,7,text,,"[700, 124, 1096, 363]",unknown_structural,0.3,"short text, uncertain role",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
6,8,paragraph_title,Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radiography,"[700, 403, 1075, 447]",subsection_heading,0.6,"unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radi",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
6,9,footer,,"[700, 426, 1075, 447]",noise,0.9,footer label,noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False
6,10,text,"As described above, quantitative microfocal radiography can measure progression, in hand and knee OA","[698, 441, 1093, 917]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,11,text,Equipment: Accurate measurement within the plain film radiograph is dependent on good spatial resolu,"[696, 917, 1093, 1152]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,12,text,Patients: Standardisation of the radioanatomical position of the joint is necessary so that the appe,"[695, 1152, 1090, 1428]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,13,text,Measurement: The boundaries or limits of the radiographic feature to be measured must be defined pre,"[693, 1427, 1089, 1617]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,0,number,274,"[110, 71, 143, 90]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
7,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[986, 71, 1104, 91]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
7,2,text,analysis and overall reduce the time taken for the mensural procedures.,"[310, 127, 699, 173]",body_paragraph,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label,body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,3,paragraph_title,Conclusion,"[310, 212, 423, 233]",section_heading,0.9,explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion,section_heading,0.9,body_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True
7,4,text,"To measure OA progression, it is necessary to establish a universally acceptable method for accurate","[310, 235, 701, 705]",backmatter_body,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label; tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow,backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,5,text,I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Charles Hutton for inviting me to write this article and to num,"[312, 721, 702, 827]",backmatter_body,0.6,default body_paragraph for text label; tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow,backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
7,6,reference_content,"1 Resnick D, Niwayama G. Degenerative diseases of extra-spinal locations. In: Resnick D, Niwayama G,","[323, 882, 700, 939]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 1 Resnick D, Niwayama G. Degenerative diseases of extra-spin",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,7,reference_content,"2 Altman R, Asch E, Block D, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of ","[322, 939, 700, 982]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 2 Altman R, Asch E, Block D, et al. Development of criteria ",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,8,reference_content,"3 Altman R, Fries J F, Bloch D A, et al. Radiographic assessment of progression in osteoarthritis. A","[322, 982, 701, 1025]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 3 Altman R, Fries J F, Bloch D A, et al. Radiographic assess",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,9,reference_content,"4 Kallman D A, Wigley F M, Scott W W, Hochberg M C, Tobin J D. New radiographic grading scales for o","[323, 1025, 701, 1067]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 4 Kallman D A, Wigley F M, Scott W W, Hochberg M C, Tobin J ",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,10,reference_content,"5 Larsen A. Radiographic evaluation of osteoarthritis in therapeutic trials. In: Verbruggen G, Veys ","[323, 1068, 702, 1125]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 5 Larsen A. Radiographic evaluation of osteoarthritis in the,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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7,12,reference_content,7 Ahlback S. Osteoarthritis of the knee: a radiographic investigation. Acta Radiol 1968; (suppl): 1–,"[324, 1153, 701, 1183]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 7 Ahlback S. Osteoarthritis of the knee: a radiographic inve,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,13,reference_content,"8 Lequesne M. Clinical features, diagnostic criteria, functional assessments and radiological classi","[324, 1183, 702, 1238]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 8 Lequesne M. Clinical features, diagnostic criteria, functi",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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7,20,reference_content,15 Menkes C J. Radiographic criteria for classification of OA. § Rheumatol 1991: 18 (suppl 27): 13–5,"[320, 1515, 703, 1543]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 15 Menkes C J. Radiographic criteria for classification of O,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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7,22,reference_content,"17 Brandt K D, Fife R S, Braunstein E M, Katz B. Radiographic grading of the severity of knee osteoa","[718, 129, 1104, 214]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 17 Brandt K D, Fife R S, Braunstein E M, Katz B. Radiographi",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,23,reference_content,"18 Dacre J E, Huskisson E C. The automatic assessment of knee radiographs in osteoarthritis using di","[719, 215, 1106, 257]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 18 Dacre J E, Huskisson E C. The automatic assessment of kne",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,24,reference_content,"19 Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nguyen M, et al. Longitudinal radiologic evaluation of osteoarthritis of t","[719, 258, 1104, 299]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 19 Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nguyen M, et al. Longitudinal radi",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,25,reference_content,"20 Messieh S S, Fowler P J, Munro T. Anteroposterior radiographs of the osteoarthritic knee. J Bone ","[719, 300, 1104, 342]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 20 Messieh S S, Fowler P J, Munro T. Anteroposterior radiogr",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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8,0,number,275,"[100, 62, 133, 79]",noise,0.9,page number label,noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
8,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[982, 62, 1101, 80]",noise,0.9,header label,noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
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8,14,reference_content,formation and diminishes fibrillation following chemically induced articular cartilage injury. § Ana,"[746, 116, 1099, 158]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: formation and diminishes fibrillation following chemically i,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
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8,16,reference_content,60 Napier J R. The form and function of the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb. $ \mathcal{F} $ An,"[713, 202, 1100, 232]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 60 Napier J R. The form and function of the carpo-metacarpal,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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8,25,reference_content,"69 Buckland-Wright J C. Imaging and measurement of change in osteoarthritis. In: Barrowclough D, ed.","[710, 658, 1099, 714]",reference_item,0.85,reference content label: 69 Buckland-Wright J C. Imaging and measurement of change in,reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
8,26,reference_content,"70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated measurement of interbone distance on macror","[711, 714, 1099, 771]",reference_item,0.85,"reference content label: 70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated mea",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
Division of Anatomy and
Cell Biology,
UMDS, Guy's Hospital,
London Bridge,
London SE1 9RT,
United Kingdom.","[114, 1496, 275, 1610]",frontmatter_support,0.75,"[""page-1 correspondence footnote: Correspondence to:\nDr J C Buckland-Wright,\nDivision of Anato""]",frontmatter_support,0.75,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,9,text,Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in peripheral joints with OA are based on measurements of distance and area in the radiographic image. Such measurements are obtained either directly,"[314, 1382, 706, 1610]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in periph""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,,body_like,none,False,False
1,10,text,,"[718, 358, 1112, 662]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,,unknown_like,empty,False,True
1,11,paragraph_title,Standard radiography,"[720, 700, 932, 722]",unknown_structural,0.5,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title on page 1 outside title zone: Standard radiography""]",section_heading,0.5,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,none,False,True
1,12,text,"The radiographic image is a shadow of the differential absorption of x rays by the tissues of the joint, where radiographic appearance of bony structures appears white to light grey and the radio-tran","[718, 722, 1112, 851]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,13,text,"Advantages Standard radiography is simple, cheap, easily accessible and well understood. The radiographs provide a permanent record which can be assessed at any stage during the disease process permit","[719, 850, 1112, 1022]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,14,text,Limitations The relatively large size of the x ray source of standard x ray tubes (usually 1 mm and at best 0·3 mm in diameter) demands that the object is placed close to the x ray plate resulting in ,"[719, 1022, 1112, 1298]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
1,15,text,"Apart from those investigators who have developed special stereotaxic devices for examining leg alignment $ ^{11,12} $ or knee joint motion, $ ^{13} $ there is no accepted method for positioning a joi","[719, 1298, 1114, 1609]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,"[""page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Apart from those investigators who have developed special st""]",frontmatter_noise,0.8,,unknown_like,none,False,False
2,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[88, 62, 310, 84]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
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2,2,image,,"[294, 111, 1087, 755]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
2,3,figure_title,"Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic knee joints showing different degrees of joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes. The antero-posterior radiographs of t","[287, 770, 1088, 842]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic ""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
2,4,text,reliable assessment of joint space loss. The absence of any standards in the radio-anatomical positioning of joints results in variable radiographic images of a joint both within and between patients ,"[288, 867, 685, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,5,text,"but more often than not the plane of measurement is never defined. Further, no account is taken of the distance between the centre of the joint and the x ray film. Where this is fairly large, as in an","[694, 866, 1092, 1364]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow""]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,6,paragraph_title,Quantitative standard radiography,"[697, 1402, 1027, 1423]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative standard radiography""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
2,7,text,"Quantitative standard radiography has been applied primarily to joint space width (JSW) measurements in OA of the hip and knee, since assessment of articular cartilage thickness is important in evalua","[696, 1421, 1092, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,0,number,270,"[116, 66, 149, 86]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
3,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[992, 68, 1112, 89]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
3,2,text,"standardisation of the position of the hip and knee and reproducible repositioning of the joints on successive examinations. $ ^{12} $ $ ^{24} $ However, in these studies JSW measurements were carried","[315, 124, 708, 381]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,3,text,"In the former, Martel's group at Michigan University, undertook to define the precision of hyaline cartilage thickness measurements. $ ^{24} $ They used a small sourced x ray tube (0·3 mm focal spot) ","[314, 380, 708, 1237]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,4,text,The development of microcomputers and image analysis technique has provided the means of obtaining an accurate and reproducible method for measuring changes in joint anatomy and for handling large amo,"[313, 1237, 707, 1613]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,5,text,,"[719, 126, 1116, 728]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
3,6,paragraph_title,Microfocal radiography,"[722, 766, 948, 789]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Microfocal radiography""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
3,7,text,Microfocal x ray units are characterised by an extremely small x ray source (<15 µm in diameter) which allows radiographs to be taken at high magnification with very fine detail recorded in the film. ,"[720, 788, 1113, 1025]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,8,text,"Advantages of microfocal radiography are those characteristic of an extremely small x ray source. Large object magnifications are obtained ranging from ×2 to ×20, although, macroradiographs are more u","[719, 1027, 1114, 1611]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[91, 62, 312, 85]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
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4,3,image,,"[95, 433, 681, 736]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
4,4,figure_title,"Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee joints with medial compartment involvement, in the weight bearing standing A) and loaded tunnel B) views. In the medial compartment the ant","[92, 753, 681, 840]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
4,5,text,"resolution, makes it possible to detect structural detail virtually at the histological level $ ^{34} $ and to carry out direct accurate measurement of the x ray features characteristic of arthritis w","[295, 865, 687, 973]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,6,text,Limitations are also a function of the small x ray source size. The smallness of the source limits the output of an x ray tube and results in longer exposure times. This restriction has been largely o,"[295, 972, 688, 1122]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,7,text,Care and accuracy are needed in positioning the patient in relation to the source. This requires specially developed apparatus enabling the patient to keep still and to maintain the position of their ,"[295, 1121, 689, 1380]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,8,paragraph_title,Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure,"[296, 1417, 656, 1459]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
4,9,text,"Stereotaxic devices are used to position each patient accurately and reproducibly. The centre of the joint under examination (the middle phalanx in the hand, the joint space in the knee and the femora","[295, 1459, 689, 1607]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,10,text,,"[698, 113, 1095, 588]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
4,11,text,The anatomical sites within the macroradiograph used in defining the boundaries for the measurement of a feature are described precisely. Steroscopic examination of the macroradiographs identified the,"[700, 586, 1094, 757]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,12,text,Femur: the distal convex margin of the condyle (fig 2).,"[703, 758, 1093, 800]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,13,text,"Tibia, medial compartment: a line extending from near the tibial spine to the medial or outer margin, across the centre of the floor of the articular fossa in the mid-coronal plane of the joint. This ","[701, 800, 1096, 1249]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,14,text,A detailed description of the method of measuring radiographic features and the accuracy in recording them is reported elsewhere. $ ^{35} $ $ ^{36} $ $ ^{38} $ $ ^{39} $ This showed that the precision,"[701, 1248, 1098, 1607]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,0,number,272,"[114, 59, 147, 78]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
5,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[989, 61, 1109, 82]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
5,2,paragraph_title,Quantitative microfocal radiography,"[314, 116, 658, 139]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative microfocal radiography""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
5,3,text,"Measurement of the radiographic features of OA of the hand and their change over an 18 month study period $ ^{38-42} $ determined the distribution, extent and progression of the different x ray featur","[313, 139, 706, 548]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,4,paragraph_title,Joint space width,"[313, 585, 480, 607]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Joint space width""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,True,True
5,5,text,Joint space narrowing is considered the most important radiological feature of OA but its accuracy in measuring true cartilage loss has been questioned. $ ^{16} $ To overcome this problem we carried o,"[311, 608, 706, 906]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,6,text,"In patients with early, but definite OA of the hand, JSW measurements showed that 56% of the patients had an increase in the interbone distance compared with the reference value obtained from healthy ","[313, 906, 706, 1058]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,7,text,,"[717, 117, 1112, 419]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
5,8,paragraph_title,"Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes","[717, 456, 1072, 521]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral scl""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
5,9,text,The results of the studies of OA of the hand $ ^{38} $ and knee $ ^{45} $ showed that the extent of subchondral sclerosis and osteophytosis was significantly advanced in these joints in over half of t,"[717, 521, 1114, 1059]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,10,image,,"[324, 1090, 1102, 1539]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
5,11,figure_title,"Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of a patient with hand OA, showing the mineralised cartilage zone extending into the existing articular cartilage space, contribut","[316, 1548, 1053, 1601]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalange""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
6,0,header,Quantitative radiography of OA,"[93, 67, 315, 89]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
6,1,number,273,"[1061, 68, 1093, 86]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
6,2,text,"cartilage, measured as joint space narrowing, is a late stage phenomenon of osteoarthritis.","[294, 124, 686, 168]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,3,text,"In the OA hand, the pattern of increased sclerosis and osteophytosis $ ^{39} $ at the joints of the wrist and hand was found to coincide with that attributed to the distribution of mechanical forces i","[293, 169, 688, 466]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,4,text,"Evaluation of the pattern of joint space narrowing in the OA hand patients, during the study, showed no association between this feature and the pattern of normal force distribution in the hand, descr","[292, 465, 686, 959]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,5,text,"The results of these investigations show that by using accurate and precise radiographic procedures and methods of measurement, it is possible to detect early OA and to evaluate its severity and progr","[290, 957, 685, 1214]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,6,text,"The greater sensitivity of this technique, compared with standard radiography, has improved the chances of measuring the effect of a 'disease modifying' agent, particularly in patients with radiologic","[287, 1213, 683, 1614]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,7,text,,"[700, 124, 1096, 363]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
6,8,paragraph_title,Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radiography,"[700, 403, 1075, 447]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radi""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
6,9,footer,,"[700, 426, 1075, 447]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False
6,10,text,"As described above, quantitative microfocal radiography can measure progression, in hand and knee OA, within a reasonably short period of time, providing information on the natural history of the dise","[698, 441, 1093, 917]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,11,text,"Equipment: Accurate measurement within the plain film radiograph is dependent on good spatial resolution. This is determined by the smallness of the x ray source, the use of fine grain film or a high ","[696, 917, 1093, 1152]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,12,text,Patients: Standardisation of the radioanatomical position of the joint is necessary so that the appearance of the joint is the same both within and between patients on successive x ray visits. This is,"[695, 1152, 1090, 1428]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,13,text,Measurement: The boundaries or limits of the radiographic feature to be measured must be defined precisely. Computerised measurement systems which reduce inter-observer variation either through increa,"[693, 1427, 1089, 1617]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,0,number,274,"[110, 71, 143, 90]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
7,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[986, 71, 1104, 91]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
7,2,text,analysis and overall reduce the time taken for the mensural procedures.,"[310, 127, 699, 173]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,3,paragraph_title,Conclusion,"[310, 212, 423, 233]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion""]",section_heading,0.9,body_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True
7,4,text,"To measure OA progression, it is necessary to establish a universally acceptable method for accurate and reproducible and quantitative assessment of changes in joint structure. This will require more ","[310, 235, 701, 705]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,5,text,"I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Charles Hutton for inviting me to write this article and to numerous colleagues who have collaborated in our studies in osteoarthritis, in particular Dr Diana Macf","[312, 721, 702, 827]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
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7,40,reference_content,"35 Buckland-Wright J C. Carmichael I, Walker S R. Quantitative microfocal radiography accurately detects joint changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45: 463–7.","[721, 968, 1108, 1024]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 35 Buckland-Wright J C. Carmichael I, Walker S R. Quantitati""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,41,reference_content,"36 Clarke G S. Quantitative microfocal radiographic assessment of changes in the joint structure of the rheumatoid wrist and hand. PhD Thesis, University of London, 1991.","[721, 1026, 1108, 1068]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 36 Clarke G S. Quantitative microfocal radiographic assessme""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,42,reference_content,"37 Foley-Nolan D, Stack J P, Ryan M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis—a comparison with plain film radiographs. Br J Rheumatol 1991; 30: 101–6.","[721, 1068, 1108, 1124]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 37 Foley-Nolan D, Stack J P, Ryan M, et al. Magnetic resonan""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,43,reference_content,"38 Buckland-Wright J C. Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A, Clark B. Quantitative microfocal radiographic assessment of progression osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 57–65.","[721, 1124, 1108, 1181]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 38 Buckland-Wright J C. Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A, Clark B. ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,44,reference_content,"39 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J. Relationship between joint space width and subchondral sclerosis in the osteoarthritic hand: a quantitative microfocal radiographic study. f Rheumatol ","[721, 1181, 1108, 1238]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 39 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J. Relationshi""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,45,reference_content,"40 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Fogelman I, Emery P, Lynch J A. Technetium 99mm methylene diphosphonate bone scanning in osteoarthritic hands. Euro J Nuclear Med 1991; 18: 12–16.","[721, 1238, 1109, 1294]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 40 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Fogelman I, Emery P,""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,46,reference_content,"41 Macfarlane D G, Buckland-Wright J C, Emery P, Fogelman I, Lynch J. Comparison of clinical, radionuclide, and radiographic features in osteoarthritis of the hands. Ann Rheum Dis 1991; 50: 623–6.","[721, 1294, 1108, 1351]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 41 Macfarlane D G, Buckland-Wright J C, Emery P, Fogelman I,""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,47,reference_content,"42 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A. Osteophytes in the arthritic hand: their incidence, size, distribution and progression. Ann Rheum Dis 1991; 50: 627–30.","[722, 1350, 1108, 1404]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 42 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A. Osteophyt""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,48,reference_content,"43 Kellgren J H, Lawrence J S. Radiological assessment of osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957; 16: 494–501.","[722, 1405, 1109, 1433]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 43 Kellgren J H, Lawrence J S. Radiological assessment of os""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,49,reference_content,44 Moll J M H. Investigation of osteoarthritis. Clin Rheum Dis 1977; 2: 587–613.,"[722, 1432, 1109, 1460]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 44 Moll J M H. Investigation of osteoarthritis. Clin Rheum D""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,50,reference_content,"45 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A, Jasani M K. Measurement of joint space loss in osteoarthritic knees using high definition macroradiography: comparison of standing and loaded views. ","[722, 1459, 1109, 1540]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 45 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Lynch J A, Jasani M ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
7,51,reference_content,"46 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Jasani M K, Lynch J A. Quantitative microfocal radiographic assessment of osteoarthritis of the knee from weight-bearing tunnel and semi-flexed standing views. ","[724, 1540, 1111, 1610]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 46 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Jasani M K, Lynch J ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
8,0,number,275,"[100, 62, 133, 79]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
8,1,header,Buckland-Wright,"[982, 62, 1101, 80]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
8,2,reference_content,"47 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Jasani M K, Lynch J A. Changes in OA knee joint space width loss in patients on diclofenac sodium vs placebo measured from high resolution macroradiographs. Tra","[304, 114, 693, 186]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 47 Buckland-Wright J C, Macfarlane D G, Jasani M K, Lynch J ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
8,3,reference_content,"48 Buckland-Wright J C. Macfarlane D G, Jasani M K, Lynch J A. Joint space width measures cartilage thickness in knee OA: plain film and double contrast macro-radiographic investigation. Trans Orth Re","[305, 188, 693, 258]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 48 Buckland-Wright J C. Macfarlane D G, Jasani M K, Lynch J ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
8,4,reference_content,49 Maroudas A. Balance between swelling pressure and collagen tension in normal and degenerative cartilage. Nature 1976; 260: 808–9.,"[306, 259, 692, 301]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 49 Maroudas A. Balance between swelling pressure and collage""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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8,10,reference_content,"55 Mankin H J, Brant K D. Biochemistry and metabolism of cartilage in osteoarthritis. In: Moscowitz R W, Howell D S, Goldberg V M, Mankin H J eds. Osteoarthritis: diagnosis and management. Philadelphi","[304, 571, 692, 641]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 55 Mankin H J, Brant K D. Biochemistry and metabolism of car""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
8,11,reference_content,"56 Fassbender H G. Significance of endogenous and exogenous mechanisms in the development of osteoarthritis. In Helminen H J, Kiviranta I, Tammi M, Saamanen A-M, Paukkonen K, Jurvelin J, eds. Joint lo","[304, 643, 691, 726]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 56 Fassbender H G. Significance of endogenous and exogenous ""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
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8,25,reference_content,"69 Buckland-Wright J C. Imaging and measurement of change in osteoarthritis. In: Barrowclough D, ed. Proc Second Geigy Rheumatol Symp, Gold Coast, October 1989. Sydney: Adis Int Pty, 1991: 29–38.","[710, 658, 1099, 714]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 69 Buckland-Wright J C. Imaging and measurement of change in""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True
8,26,reference_content,"70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated measurement of interbone distance on macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knees using the symmetric axis transformation. Br J Radiol 1992; 65: 23","[711, 714, 1099, 771]",reference_item,0.85,"[""reference content label: 70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated mea""]",reference_item,0.85,reference_zone,reference_like,reference_numeric_dot,True,True

1 page block_id raw_label content_preview bbox role role_confidence evidence seed_role seed_confidence zone style_family marker_type render_default index_default
2 1 0 number 268 [113, 68, 146, 87] noise 0.9 page number label ["page number label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like short_fragment False False
3 1 1 header Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1994; 53: 268–275 [740, 66, 1108, 88] noise 0.9 header label ["header label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none False False
4 1 2 paragraph_title REVIEW [112, 135, 218, 162] frontmatter_noise 0.8 page-1 article-type label: review ["page-1 article-type label: review"] frontmatter_noise 0.8 frontmatter_main_zone heading_like short_fragment False False
5 1 3 doc_title Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis [315, 202, 963, 242] paper_title 0.6 page-1 frontmatter title guard: Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis ["page-1 frontmatter title guard: Quantitative radiography of osteoarthritis"] paper_title 0.6 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none True True
6 1 4 text J C Buckland-Wright [312, 289, 504, 315] authors 0.6 page-1 initial-lastname author byline: J C Buckland-Wright ["page-1 initial-lastname author byline: J C Buckland-Wright"] authors 0.6 frontmatter_main_zone support_like short_fragment True True
7 1 5 footer Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hos Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London, United Kingdom J C Buckland-Wright [112, 1346, 298, 1493] noise 0.9 footer label ["footer label"] noise 0.9 unknown_like none False False
8 1 6 text Radiography is important in the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) as the features described in the pa Radiography is important in the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) as the features described in the pathology of the disease can be visualised, with joint space narrowing generally thought to reflect ca [313, 357, 706, 916] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
9 1 7 text Scoring systems, although an essential and widely used method for assessing disease progression, suf Scoring systems, although an essential and widely used method for assessing disease progression, suffer from a number of limitations. They are based on two assumptions, first that the change in any on [313, 916, 706, 1383] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
10 1 8 footnote Correspondence to: Dr J C Buckland-Wright, Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UMDS, Guy's Hospita Correspondence to: Dr J C Buckland-Wright, Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom. [114, 1496, 275, 1610] frontmatter_support 0.75 page-1 correspondence footnote: Correspondence to: Dr J C Buckland-Wright, Division of Anato ["page-1 correspondence footnote: Correspondence to:\nDr J C Buckland-Wright,\nDivision of Anato"] frontmatter_support 0.75 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none True True
11 1 9 text Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in peripheral joints with OA are based on measure Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in peripheral joints with OA are based on measurements of distance and area in the radiographic image. Such measurements are obtained either directly [314, 1382, 706, 1610] frontmatter_noise 0.8 page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in periph ["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Quantitative assessments of the structural changes in periph"] frontmatter_noise 0.8 body_like none False False
12 1 10 text [718, 358, 1112, 662] unknown_structural 0.3 short text, uncertain role ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 unknown_like empty False True
13 1 11 paragraph_title Standard radiography [720, 700, 932, 722] unknown_structural 0.5 unnumbered paragraph_title on page 1 outside title zone: Standard radiography ["unnumbered paragraph_title on page 1 outside title zone: Standard radiography"] section_heading 0.5 frontmatter_side_zone heading_like none False True
14 1 12 text The radiographic image is a shadow of the differential absorption of x rays by the tissues of the jo The radiographic image is a shadow of the differential absorption of x rays by the tissues of the joint, where radiographic appearance of bony structures appears white to light grey and the radio-tran [718, 722, 1112, 851] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
15 1 13 text Advantages Standard radiography is simple, cheap, easily accessible and well understood. The radiogr Advantages Standard radiography is simple, cheap, easily accessible and well understood. The radiographs provide a permanent record which can be assessed at any stage during the disease process permit [719, 850, 1112, 1022] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
16 1 14 text Limitations The relatively large size of the x ray source of standard x ray tubes (usually 1 mm and Limitations The relatively large size of the x ray source of standard x ray tubes (usually 1 mm and at best 0·3 mm in diameter) demands that the object is placed close to the x ray plate resulting in [719, 1022, 1112, 1298] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
17 1 15 text Apart from those investigators who have developed special stereotaxic devices for examining leg alig Apart from those investigators who have developed special stereotaxic devices for examining leg alignment $ ^{11,12} $ or knee joint motion, $ ^{13} $ there is no accepted method for positioning a joi [719, 1298, 1114, 1609] frontmatter_noise 0.8 page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Apart from those investigators who have developed special st ["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Apart from those investigators who have developed special st"] frontmatter_noise 0.8 unknown_like none False False
18 2 0 header Quantitative radiography of OA [88, 62, 310, 84] noise 0.9 header label ["header label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
19 2 1 number 269 [1057, 61, 1089, 79] noise 0.9 page number label ["page number label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_side_zone support_like short_fragment False False
20 2 2 image [294, 111, 1087, 755] media_asset 0.85 media label: image ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like empty True True
21 2 3 figure_title Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic knee joints showing different degrees of Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic knee joints showing different degrees of joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes. The antero-posterior radiographs of t [287, 770, 1088, 842] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 figure_title label: Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic ["figure_title label: Figure 1 Standard radiographic appearance of osteoarthritic "] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
22 2 4 text reliable assessment of joint space loss. The absence of any standards in the radio-anatomical positi reliable assessment of joint space loss. The absence of any standards in the radio-anatomical positioning of joints results in variable radiographic images of a joint both within and between patients [288, 867, 685, 1613] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
23 2 5 text but more often than not the plane of measurement is never defined. Further, no account is taken of t but more often than not the plane of measurement is never defined. Further, no account is taken of the distance between the centre of the joint and the x ray film. Where this is fairly large, as in an [694, 866, 1092, 1364] frontmatter_noise 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label; frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow ["default body_paragraph for text label", "frontmatter_side_zone excluded from body flow"] frontmatter_noise 0.6 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
24 2 6 paragraph_title Quantitative standard radiography [697, 1402, 1027, 1423] subsection_heading 0.6 unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative standard radiography ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative standard radiography"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
25 2 7 text Quantitative standard radiography has been applied primarily to joint space width (JSW) measurements Quantitative standard radiography has been applied primarily to joint space width (JSW) measurements in OA of the hip and knee, since assessment of articular cartilage thickness is important in evalua [696, 1421, 1092, 1613] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
26 3 0 number 270 [116, 66, 149, 86] noise 0.9 page number label ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
27 3 1 header Buckland-Wright [992, 68, 1112, 89] noise 0.9 header label ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
28 3 2 text standardisation of the position of the hip and knee and reproducible repositioning of the joints on standardisation of the position of the hip and knee and reproducible repositioning of the joints on successive examinations. $ ^{12} $ $ ^{24} $ However, in these studies JSW measurements were carried [315, 124, 708, 381] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
29 3 3 text In the former, Martel's group at Michigan University, undertook to define the precision of hyaline c In the former, Martel's group at Michigan University, undertook to define the precision of hyaline cartilage thickness measurements. $ ^{24} $ They used a small sourced x ray tube (0·3 mm focal spot) [314, 380, 708, 1237] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
30 3 4 text The development of microcomputers and image analysis technique has provided the means of obtaining a The development of microcomputers and image analysis technique has provided the means of obtaining an accurate and reproducible method for measuring changes in joint anatomy and for handling large amo [313, 1237, 707, 1613] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
31 3 5 text [719, 126, 1116, 728] unknown_structural 0.3 short text, uncertain role ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
32 3 6 paragraph_title Microfocal radiography [722, 766, 948, 789] subsection_heading 0.6 unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Microfocal radiography ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Microfocal radiography"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
33 3 7 text Microfocal x ray units are characterised by an extremely small x ray source (<15 µm in diameter) whi Microfocal x ray units are characterised by an extremely small x ray source (<15 µm in diameter) which allows radiographs to be taken at high magnification with very fine detail recorded in the film. [720, 788, 1113, 1025] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
34 3 8 text Advantages of microfocal radiography are those characteristic of an extremely small x ray source. La Advantages of microfocal radiography are those characteristic of an extremely small x ray source. Large object magnifications are obtained ranging from ×2 to ×20, although, macroradiographs are more u [719, 1027, 1114, 1611] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
35 4 0 header Quantitative radiography of OA [91, 62, 312, 85] noise 0.9 header label ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
36 4 1 number 271 [1059, 58, 1090, 77] noise 0.9 page number label ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
37 4 2 image [95, 114, 677, 425] media_asset 0.85 media label: image ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone unknown_like empty True True
38 4 3 image [95, 433, 681, 736] media_asset 0.85 media label: image ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like empty True True
39 4 4 figure_title Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee joints with medial compartment involvem Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee joints with medial compartment involvement, in the weight bearing standing A) and loaded tunnel B) views. In the medial compartment the ant [92, 753, 681, 840] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 figure_title label: Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee ["figure_title label: Figure 2 Part of the macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knee"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
40 4 5 text resolution, makes it possible to detect structural detail virtually at the histological level $ ^{34 resolution, makes it possible to detect structural detail virtually at the histological level $ ^{34} $ and to carry out direct accurate measurement of the x ray features characteristic of arthritis w [295, 865, 687, 973] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
41 4 6 text Limitations are also a function of the small x ray source size. The smallness of the source limits t Limitations are also a function of the small x ray source size. The smallness of the source limits the output of an x ray tube and results in longer exposure times. This restriction has been largely o [295, 972, 688, 1122] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
42 4 7 text Care and accuracy are needed in positioning the patient in relation to the source. This requires spe Care and accuracy are needed in positioning the patient in relation to the source. This requires specially developed apparatus enabling the patient to keep still and to maintain the position of their [295, 1121, 689, 1380] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
43 4 8 paragraph_title Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure [296, 1417, 656, 1459] subsection_heading 0.6 unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Standardisation of macroradiographic procedure"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
44 4 9 text Stereotaxic devices are used to position each patient accurately and reproducibly. The centre of the Stereotaxic devices are used to position each patient accurately and reproducibly. The centre of the joint under examination (the middle phalanx in the hand, the joint space in the knee and the femora [295, 1459, 689, 1607] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
45 4 10 text [698, 113, 1095, 588] unknown_structural 0.3 short text, uncertain role ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
46 4 11 text The anatomical sites within the macroradiograph used in defining the boundaries for the measurement The anatomical sites within the macroradiograph used in defining the boundaries for the measurement of a feature are described precisely. Steroscopic examination of the macroradiographs identified the [700, 586, 1094, 757] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
47 4 12 text Femur: the distal convex margin of the condyle (fig 2). [703, 758, 1093, 800] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
48 4 13 text Tibia, medial compartment: a line extending from near the tibial spine to the medial or outer margin Tibia, medial compartment: a line extending from near the tibial spine to the medial or outer margin, across the centre of the floor of the articular fossa in the mid-coronal plane of the joint. This [701, 800, 1096, 1249] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
49 4 14 text A detailed description of the method of measuring radiographic features and the accuracy in recordin A detailed description of the method of measuring radiographic features and the accuracy in recording them is reported elsewhere. $ ^{35} $ $ ^{36} $ $ ^{38} $ $ ^{39} $ This showed that the precision [701, 1248, 1098, 1607] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
50 5 0 number 272 [114, 59, 147, 78] noise 0.9 page number label ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
51 5 1 header Buckland-Wright [989, 61, 1109, 82] noise 0.9 header label ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
52 5 2 paragraph_title Quantitative microfocal radiography [314, 116, 658, 139] subsection_heading 0.6 unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative microfocal radiography ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Quantitative microfocal radiography"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
53 5 3 text Measurement of the radiographic features of OA of the hand and their change over an 18 month study p Measurement of the radiographic features of OA of the hand and their change over an 18 month study period $ ^{38-42} $ determined the distribution, extent and progression of the different x ray featur [313, 139, 706, 548] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
54 5 4 paragraph_title Joint space width [313, 585, 480, 607] subsection_heading 0.6 unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Joint space width ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Joint space width"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like short_fragment True True
55 5 5 text Joint space narrowing is considered the most important radiological feature of OA but its accuracy i Joint space narrowing is considered the most important radiological feature of OA but its accuracy in measuring true cartilage loss has been questioned. $ ^{16} $ To overcome this problem we carried o [311, 608, 706, 906] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
56 5 6 text In patients with early, but definite OA of the hand, JSW measurements showed that 56% of the patient In patients with early, but definite OA of the hand, JSW measurements showed that 56% of the patients had an increase in the interbone distance compared with the reference value obtained from healthy [313, 906, 706, 1058] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
57 5 7 text [717, 117, 1112, 419] unknown_structural 0.3 short text, uncertain role ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
58 5 8 paragraph_title Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes [717, 456, 1072, 521] subsection_heading 0.6 unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral scl ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Relationship between changes in joint space, subchondral scl"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
59 5 9 text The results of the studies of OA of the hand $ ^{38} $ and knee $ ^{45} $ showed that the extent of The results of the studies of OA of the hand $ ^{38} $ and knee $ ^{45} $ showed that the extent of subchondral sclerosis and osteophytosis was significantly advanced in these joints in over half of t [717, 521, 1114, 1059] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
60 5 10 image [324, 1090, 1102, 1539] media_asset 0.85 media label: image ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone unknown_like empty True True
61 5 11 figure_title Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of a patient with hand OA, sho Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of a patient with hand OA, showing the mineralised cartilage zone extending into the existing articular cartilage space, contribut [316, 1548, 1053, 1601] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 figure_title label: Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalange ["figure_title label: Figure 3 Part of a macroradiograph of the metacarpo-phalange"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
62 6 0 header Quantitative radiography of OA [93, 67, 315, 89] noise 0.9 header label ["header label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
63 6 1 number 273 [1061, 68, 1093, 86] noise 0.9 page number label ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
64 6 2 text cartilage, measured as joint space narrowing, is a late stage phenomenon of osteoarthritis. [294, 124, 686, 168] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
65 6 3 text In the OA hand, the pattern of increased sclerosis and osteophytosis $ ^{39} $ at the joints of the In the OA hand, the pattern of increased sclerosis and osteophytosis $ ^{39} $ at the joints of the wrist and hand was found to coincide with that attributed to the distribution of mechanical forces i [293, 169, 688, 466] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
66 6 4 text Evaluation of the pattern of joint space narrowing in the OA hand patients, during the study, showed Evaluation of the pattern of joint space narrowing in the OA hand patients, during the study, showed no association between this feature and the pattern of normal force distribution in the hand, descr [292, 465, 686, 959] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
67 6 5 text The results of these investigations show that by using accurate and precise radiographic procedures The results of these investigations show that by using accurate and precise radiographic procedures and methods of measurement, it is possible to detect early OA and to evaluate its severity and progr [290, 957, 685, 1214] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
68 6 6 text The greater sensitivity of this technique, compared with standard radiography, has improved the chan The greater sensitivity of this technique, compared with standard radiography, has improved the chances of measuring the effect of a 'disease modifying' agent, particularly in patients with radiologic [287, 1213, 683, 1614] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
69 6 7 text [700, 124, 1096, 363] unknown_structural 0.3 short text, uncertain role ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
70 6 8 paragraph_title Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radiography [700, 403, 1075, 447] subsection_heading 0.6 unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radi ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Increasing the accuracy and reproducibility in standard radi"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
71 6 9 footer [700, 426, 1075, 447] noise 0.9 footer label ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like empty False False
72 6 10 text As described above, quantitative microfocal radiography can measure progression, in hand and knee OA As described above, quantitative microfocal radiography can measure progression, in hand and knee OA, within a reasonably short period of time, providing information on the natural history of the dise [698, 441, 1093, 917] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
73 6 11 text Equipment: Accurate measurement within the plain film radiograph is dependent on good spatial resolu Equipment: Accurate measurement within the plain film radiograph is dependent on good spatial resolution. This is determined by the smallness of the x ray source, the use of fine grain film or a high [696, 917, 1093, 1152] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
74 6 12 text Patients: Standardisation of the radioanatomical position of the joint is necessary so that the appe Patients: Standardisation of the radioanatomical position of the joint is necessary so that the appearance of the joint is the same both within and between patients on successive x ray visits. This is [695, 1152, 1090, 1428] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
75 6 13 text Measurement: The boundaries or limits of the radiographic feature to be measured must be defined pre Measurement: The boundaries or limits of the radiographic feature to be measured must be defined precisely. Computerised measurement systems which reduce inter-observer variation either through increa [693, 1427, 1089, 1617] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
76 7 0 number 274 [110, 71, 143, 90] noise 0.9 page number label ["page number label"] noise 0.9 unknown_like short_fragment False False
77 7 1 header Buckland-Wright [986, 71, 1104, 91] noise 0.9 header label ["header label"] noise 0.9 unknown_like short_fragment False False
78 7 2 text analysis and overall reduce the time taken for the mensural procedures. [310, 127, 699, 173] body_paragraph 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
79 7 3 paragraph_title Conclusion [310, 212, 423, 233] section_heading 0.9 explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion ["explicit scholarly heading: Conclusion"] section_heading 0.9 body_zone heading_like canonical_section_name True True
80 7 4 text To measure OA progression, it is necessary to establish a universally acceptable method for accurate To measure OA progression, it is necessary to establish a universally acceptable method for accurate and reproducible and quantitative assessment of changes in joint structure. This will require more [310, 235, 701, 705] backmatter_body 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label; tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone body_like none True True
81 7 5 text I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Charles Hutton for inviting me to write this article and to num I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Charles Hutton for inviting me to write this article and to numerous colleagues who have collaborated in our studies in osteoarthritis, in particular Dr Diana Macf [312, 721, 702, 827] backmatter_body 0.6 default body_paragraph for text label; tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
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154 8 26 reference_content 70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated measurement of interbone distance on macror 70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated measurement of interbone distance on macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knees using the symmetric axis transformation. Br J Radiol 1992; 65: 23 [711, 714, 1099, 771] reference_item 0.85 reference content label: 70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated mea ["reference content label: 70 Lynch J A, Buckland-Wright J C, Hawkes D J. Automated mea"] reference_item 0.85 reference_zone reference_like reference_numeric_dot True True
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1,0,header,nature reviews endocrinology,"[74, 79, 430, 112]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,1,header,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-024-00969-x,"[778, 80, 1125, 105]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,2,header,Check for updates,"[958, 185, 1125, 211]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False
1,3,text,Review article,"[75, 185, 216, 212]",non_body_insert,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False
1,4,doc_title,Metabolic regulation of skeletal cell fate and function,"[76, 235, 969, 375]",paper_title,0.6,"[""page-1 frontmatter title guard: Metabolic regulation of skeletal cell fate and function""]",paper_title,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,5,paragraph_title,Steve Stegen Ⓤ & Geert Carmeliet Ⓤ ✉ Abstract,"[74, 443, 421, 505]",authors,0.6,"[""author byline on page 1, assigned as authors: Steve Stegen \u24ca & Geert Carmeliet \u24ca \u2709 Abstract""]",authors,0.6,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,6,footer,,"[75, 480, 167, 505]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,empty,False,False
1,7,abstract,Bone development and bone remodelling during adult life are highly anabolic processes requiring an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts inte,"[73, 542, 858, 1254]",abstract_body,0.85,"[""abstract label from Paddle OCR""]",abstract_body,0.85,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,8,table,<table><tr><td>Sections</td></tr><tr><td>Introduction</td></tr><tr><td>Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis</td></tr><tr><td>A general overview of cell metabolism</td></tr><tr><,"[871, 487, 1123, 1124]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,9,text,Conclusions,"[874, 1125, 980, 1149]",non_body_insert,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,frontmatter_main_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,False,False
1,10,footnote,"Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. e-mail: geert.carmeliet@kuleuven.be","[75, 1449, 825, 1494]",footnote,0.7,"[""footnote label: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Depar""]",footnote,0.7,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,True,True
1,11,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1522, 556, 1544]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,none,False,False
1,12,number,399,"[1088, 1523, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_main_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False
2,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 307, 117]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,short_fragment,False,False
2,1,paragraph_title,Key points,"[76, 221, 182, 247]",structured_insert,0.7,"[""structured insert label: key points""]",structured_insert_candidate,0.7,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False
2,2,table,"<table><tr><td>• Skeletal stem and progenitor cells display a high metabolic flexibility, and are likely to adapt to changing microenvironments.</td></tr><tr><td>• Osteoblasts use glycolysis and fatty","[73, 270, 591, 738]",structured_insert,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,3,vision_footnote,"• Metabolic disturbance is linked to skeletal cell dysfunction during bone pathology, and bone-metastatic and leukaemic cells hijack skeletal cell metabolism to support their tumorigenic spread.","[74, 675, 566, 743]",structured_insert,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: \u2022 Metabolic disturbance is linked to skeletal cell dysfuncti""]",footnote,0.7,frontmatter_side_zone,support_like,none,False,False
2,4,paragraph_title,Introduction,"[76, 780, 210, 803]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Introduction""]",section_heading,0.9,frontmatter_side_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True
2,5,text,"The skeleton has been considered to be a metabolically active organ for decades $ ^{1-3} $. The formation of bone, and also its maintenance throughout life, rely on highly anabolic, nutrient-consuming","[73, 805, 593, 1192]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,6,text,"Technological developments have enabled scientists to thoroughly analyse cell metabolism in vitro and even in vivo. Most studies have been performed in the context of cancer biology, but more recently","[73, 1192, 593, 1386]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,7,text,,"[606, 222, 1126, 289]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
2,8,text,"In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of fuel selection and intermediary metabolic pathways in bone cells during bone formation, and how metabolic dysfunction can contribute to skelet","[73, 1385, 594, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,9,paragraph_title,Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis,"[607, 306, 1098, 352]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
2,10,text,Skeletal development strongly depends on the differentiation and activity of phenotypically distinct cell types that are derived from different lineages. The mesenchymal lineage gives rise to bone-for,"[606, 353, 1126, 483]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,11,text,"The different mature mesenchymal cell types are not derived from a single stem cell but from a diverse set of skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs), which are found in distinct anatomical niches ","[606, 483, 1127, 675]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,12,text,Osteoblasts derive from all subtypes of SSPCs and typically produce a collagenous extracellular matrix that later on becomes mineralized. Most terminally differentiated osteoblasts become progressivel,"[606, 675, 1128, 1322]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,13,text,"The formation of bone tissue is balanced by the action of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, which are myeloid lineage cells that remove damaged or fatigued bone through local dissolution of bone mineral and","[605, 1320, 1128, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
2,14,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
2,15,number,400,"[1086, 1524, 1125, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
3,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 116]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False
3,1,figure_title,Table 1 | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types using transgenic mouse models,"[77, 222, 815, 249]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 1 | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types ""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
3,2,table,"<table><tr><td>Gene</td><td>Cre driver</td><td>Phenotype</td><td>Cell function</td><td>Metabolism</td><td>Refs.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=""6"">SSPCs</td></tr><tr><td>Glut1</td><td>Prrx1</td><td>No effec","[74, 248, 1124, 1498]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
3,3,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 557, 1544]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
3,4,number,401,"[1091, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
4,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 81, 308, 117]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False
4,1,figure_title,Table 1 (continued) | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types using transgenic mouse models,"[77, 222, 917, 248]",table_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""table prefix matched: Table 1 (continued) | In vivo metabolic studies in different""]",table_caption,0.9,display_zone,table_caption_like,table_number,True,True
4,2,table,"<table><tr><td>Gene</td><td>Cre driver</td><td>Phenotype</td><td>Cell function</td><td>Metabolism</td><td>Refs.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=""6"">Chondrocytes (continued)</td></tr><tr><td>Elovl6</td><td>Sy","[77, 241, 1124, 903]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: table""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,3,vision_footnote,"This table summarizes the most important in vivo studies mentioned in the main text.?, mechanism is not yet fully understood; αKG, α-ketoglutarate; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; AMPK, AMP-activated prote","[73, 905, 1083, 975]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: This table summarizes the most important in vivo studies men""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,4,paragraph_title,A general overview of cell metabolism,"[75, 1017, 469, 1041]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: A general overview of cell metabolism""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
4,5,text,"Historically, most studies in the bone field focused on identifying the nutritional sources and metabolic pathways that support the synthesis of ATP. The main cellular bioenergetic hub consists of the","[73, 1041, 595, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,6,text,,"[606, 1019, 1127, 1214]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
4,7,text,"In addition to ATP production, many other metabolic pathways produce intermediates with additional regulatory roles (Fig. 2). For example, metabolites such as citrate, α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate can","[605, 1212, 1128, 1496]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
4,8,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
4,9,number,402,"[1088, 1524, 1126, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
5,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 307, 115]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
5,1,paragraph_title,Skeletal cell metabolism is more than just bioenergetics Cell metabolism of SSPCs and osteogenic and adipogenic descendants,"[74, 220, 548, 308]",section_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Skeletal cell metabolism is more than just bioenergetics Cel""]",section_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
5,2,footer,,"[74, 266, 548, 308]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,False
5,3,text,"SSPCs are metabolically flexible cells. SSPCs are essential for bone development and maintenance, but insights into their in vivo metabolic profile are still limited, mainly because of technical limit","[73, 309, 594, 675]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,4,text,"Of the different nutrients, glucose has long been considered to be the most important for SSPC function (Fig. 3), as evidenced by in vitro deprivation studies. Intriguingly, deletion of the glucose tr","[73, 675, 594, 1192]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,5,text,"Besides glucose, fatty acids are also a possible nutritional source for SSPCs, as these cells express several fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-related genes $ ^{30} $ (Fig. 3). However, carnitine palmitoylt","[73, 1192, 593, 1343]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,6,text,"Concerning amino acid metabolism, the amino acid sensor GCN2 (also known as eIF2AK4) controls the proliferation of bone marrow SSPCs and their progeny. GCN2 becomes activated when intracellular free a","[73, 1342, 594, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,7,text,,"[605, 223, 1125, 352]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
5,8,text,The lack of an in vivo bone phenotype when important metabolic transporters or enzymes are deleted suggests that SSPCs display a high metabolic plasticity. This metabolic flexibility is probably neede,"[605, 353, 1128, 568]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,9,text,"In addition, the high metabolic plasticity of SSPCs provides strategic opportunities for tissue engineering approaches, whereby cells have to be transplanted in the avascular environment of the fractu","[605, 568, 1127, 765]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
5,10,image,,"[610, 799, 1126, 1337]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
5,11,figure_title,"Fig. 1 | Differentiation of bone-resident cell types. The mesenchymal lineage gives rise to skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPC) that can differentiate into cartilage-forming chondrocytes, bone-f","[606, 1353, 1122, 1494]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 1 | Differentiation of bone-resident cell types. The me""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
5,12,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
5,13,number,403,"[1088, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
6,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 117]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False
6,1,image,,"[78, 223, 1121, 1037]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
6,2,text,"Fig. 2 | Metabolic features of skeletal cells. Environmental cues lead to intracellular signalling, which in turn causes metabolic reprogramming. The metabolic pathways important for this Review inclu","[74, 1051, 583, 1214]",figure_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""figure prefix matched: Fig. 2 | Metabolic features of skeletal cells. Environmental"", ""long text, reduced confidence"", ""near figure media assets""]",figure_caption,0.9,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
6,3,vision_footnote,"histone and DNA modification to control skeletal cell fate and differentiation. Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CI–CIV, different complexes (C) of the ETC; CoQ, coenzyme","[607, 1050, 1119, 1194]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: histone and DNA modification to control skeletal cell fate a""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,4,text,"maintain redox and energy balance and sustain proliferation $ ^{25} $. These metabolic changes also increase 2-hydroxyglutarate and succinate levels, which reduce ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA de","[73, 1277, 593, 1494]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,5,text,,"[606, 1277, 1126, 1364]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
6,6,text,"In summary, SSPCs display a high degree of metabolic plasticity, which enables them to function in changing microenvironments.","[606, 1364, 1125, 1408]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,7,text,"Osteoblasts use different nutrients to fulfil specific functions. Upon exposure to systemic or local osteogenic stimuli, SSPCs can differentiate into the osteogenic lineage. Osteoblasts are highly ana","[606, 1427, 1127, 1494]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
6,8,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
6,9,number,404,"[1088, 1524, 1125, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
7,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 80, 307, 115]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,body_zone,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False
7,1,text,"cells that produce large amounts of matrix, but unlike other secretory skeletal cell types such as chondrocytes, they often localize close to blood vessels $ ^{40} $.","[74, 223, 593, 288]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,2,text,"Metabolically, osteoblast differentiation relies on GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake and Glut1 inactivation in cells expressing Sp7 (also known as osterix) reduces bone mass (Fig. 3). In osteoblasts, glu","[73, 289, 594, 420]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
7,3,text,,"[605, 223, 1128, 419]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
7,4,image,,"[82, 454, 1123, 1377]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
7,5,text,"Fig. 3 | Metabolic profile of skeletal stem and progenitor cells, and their osteogenic and adipogenic descendants. Scheme of the metabolic profile, its regulation and importance for the function of sk","[74, 1392, 570, 1494]",figure_caption_candidate,0.9,"[""figure prefix matched: Fig. 3 | Metabolic profile of skeletal stem and progenitor c"", ""long text, reduced confidence"", ""near figure media assets""]",figure_caption,0.9,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
7,6,text,,"[613, 1392, 1132, 1475]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
7,7,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
7,8,number,405,"[1088, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
8,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 117]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
8,1,text,"or by being converted to malate by malic enzyme 2, especially during osteoblast differentiation $ ^{43} $. Malate is then considered to contribute to the malate–aspartate shuttle (MAS) that in osteobl","[73, 222, 594, 375]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,2,text,"Whether OXPHOS increases or decreases during osteoblast differentiation is still a matter of debate $ ^{43,45} $, and the contradictory observations might be explained by transient stage-specific fluc","[73, 374, 594, 849]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,3,text,"The availability of amino acids such as glutamine and proline is important for osteoblast functioning, primarily by supporting biosynthesis and redox homeostasis (Fig. 3). Proliferating osteoprogenito","[73, 848, 594, 1386]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,4,text,,"[605, 222, 1125, 311]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
8,5,text,"Metabolites not only regulate intracellular properties but can also function extracellularly. Citrate is such a metabolite as it is part of the TCA cycle and contributes to lipogenesis, but is also hi","[73, 1385, 594, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,6,text,,"[605, 310, 1127, 721]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
8,7,text,"Bone marrow adipocytes are a unique cell type. During ageing and in response to environmental or nutritional stimuli, marrow SSPCs or osteoadipogenic progenitors differentiate into BMAds, which progre","[606, 739, 1127, 1128]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,8,text,"Metabolically, the gene expression profile of adipogenic progenitors differs from that of osteogenic progenitors and is characterized by increased OXPHOS, but these in vitro data still need in vivo co","[605, 1127, 1128, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
8,9,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1522, 557, 1544]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
8,10,number,406,"[1087, 1524, 1126, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
9,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 115]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
9,1,text,"of Adipo-CAR cells and BMAds, and their metabolic interaction with surrounding skeletal and haematopoietic cells, is likely to contribute to our understanding of the bone phenotype in obesity, diabete","[73, 223, 594, 291]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,2,paragraph_title,Growth plate chondrocytes are adapted to a specific metabolic microenvironment,"[73, 306, 526, 352]",section_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Growth plate chondrocytes are adapted to a specific metaboli""]",section_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
9,3,text,"During long-bone development, SSPCs not only differentiate into osteoblasts and BMAds, but also give rise to chondrocytes in the early phases of the developmental process $ ^{16} $. Chondrocytes are u","[73, 353, 595, 744]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,4,text,,"[605, 223, 1127, 589]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
9,5,text,"Glucose, taken up mainly by GLUT1, a process regulated by BMP-HIF1α $ ^{27} $, appears to be an essential nutrient for chondrocytes (Fig. 4b), as conditional Glut1 deletion decreases their proliferati","[605, 589, 1127, 743]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,6,image,,"[82, 782, 442, 1213]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
9,7,image,,"[462, 778, 1119, 1401]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,body_zone,body_like,empty,True,True
9,8,figure_title,"Fig. 4 | Metabolic regulation of chondrocyte function. a, Low lipid availability and low oxygen levels increase SOX9 expression, which stimulates the differentiation of skeletal stem and progenitor ce","[74, 1412, 582, 1494]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 4 | Metabolic regulation of chondrocyte function. a, Lo""]",figure_caption,0.92,display_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
9,9,vision_footnote,"chondrocyte function. Acan, aggrecan; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; GLS1, glutaminase 1; GSH, glutathione; HIF, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor; PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; ROS, reactiv","[606, 1412, 1114, 1493]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: chondrocyte function. Acan, aggrecan; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzym""]",footnote,0.7,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
9,10,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 557, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
9,11,number,407,"[1088, 1524, 1125, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
10,0,header,Review article,"[77, 81, 308, 117]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
10,1,text,"are equally important for chondrocyte function (for example, by supporting biosynthetic processes). Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the serine synthesis pathway (SS","[73, 223, 594, 719]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,2,text,"The observation that TCA cycle anaplerosis by glucose is rather limited in chondrocytes suggests that these cells rely on other nutritional sources. Fatty acids are not a likely candidate, as these re","[73, 719, 594, 1149]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,3,text,"Although exogenous fatty acids seem to have minimal importance for chondrocyte function, glutamine has been shown to complement glucose in supporting chondrocyte anabolism as part of a feedforward pro","[73, 1150, 593, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,4,text,,"[605, 223, 1126, 355]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,body_zone,body_like,empty,False,True
10,5,paragraph_title,Metabolic adaptations during osteoclast differentiation,"[606, 371, 1026, 416]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic adaptations during osteoclast differentiation""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
10,6,text,Bone homeostasis and quality depend on a well-adjusted balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation critically depends on the production of RANKL (encoded by Tnfsf11) by ost,"[605, 418, 1128, 1406]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,7,text,"Besides fatty acids, glucose is another major nutrient for osteoclasts. GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake increases during osteoclast differentiation and is associated not only with enhanced OXPHOS but al","[604, 1407, 1128, 1495]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
10,8,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 557, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,none,False,False
10,9,number,408,"[1088, 1524, 1125, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,body_zone,body_like,short_fragment,False,False
11,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 115]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
11,1,image,,"[82, 228, 1111, 848]",media_asset,0.85,"[""media label: image""]",media_asset,0.85,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,True,True
11,2,figure_title,"Fig. 5 | Metabolic regulation of osteoclast differentiation and activity. a, M-CSF and RANKL induce the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors to mature active osteoclasts by regulating the metabol","[74, 868, 541, 970]",figure_caption_candidate,0.92,"[""figure_title label: Fig. 5 | Metabolic regulation of osteoclast differentiation ""]",figure_caption,0.92,tail_nonref_hold_zone,legend_like,figure_number,False,False
11,3,vision_footnote,"palmitoyltransferase 2; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Me, methyl; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation","[607, 867, 1123, 971]",footnote,0.7,"[""vision_footnote label: palmitoyltransferase 2; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; FAO, fa""]",footnote,0.7,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
11,4,text,"for ATP synthesis $ ^{110,111} $. Glut1 deletion impairs glycolysis more than it impairs OXPHOS, and it also decreases in vitro osteoclastogenesis (Fig. 5b). Interestingly, Glut1 deletion in Lyz2-expr","[73, 1040, 593, 1342]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
11,5,text,"Amino acid metabolism also contributes to osteoclastogenesis, although, for some amino acids, the exact metabolic mechanism is not fully understood. Preosteoclasts take up glutamine via SLC1A5, which ","[74, 1342, 594, 1495]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True
11,6,text,,"[605, 1040, 1128, 1494]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
11,7,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,False,False
11,8,number,409,"[1088, 1524, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
12,0,header,Review article,"[77, 81, 307, 117]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
12,1,text,line with the observation that Tie2-Cre-mediated deletion of Arg1 does not affect osteoclast properties at baseline $ ^{117} $. Whether Arg1-conditional knockout mice are more susceptible to inflammat,"[74, 222, 593, 356]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True
12,2,paragraph_title,Metabolic disturbance during bone pathology,"[74, 371, 548, 397]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic disturbance during bone pathology""]",subsection_heading,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
12,3,text,"Most studies investigating skeletal cell metabolism have been performed during bone development, but more recent evidence suggests that alterations in specific metabolic pathways underly skeletal path","[73, 397, 593, 484]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True
12,4,paragraph_title,Metabolic dysfunction in osteoarthritic chondrocytes is associated with disease progression,"[73, 502, 542, 547]",section_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Metabolic dysfunction in osteoarthritic chondrocytes is asso""]",section_heading,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
12,5,text,"Osteoarthritis is a complex, multifactorial disease that is characterized by the progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage and structural changes to the entire joint, leading to severe disa","[73, 546, 594, 851]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,body_like,none,True,True
12,6,paragraph_title,Box 1 Osteoarthritis: a largely unmet clinical problem,"[87, 891, 554, 1021]",structured_insert,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Box 1 Osteoarthritis: a largely unmet clinical problem""]",subsection_heading,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,heading_like,none,False,False
12,7,footer,,"[87, 939, 554, 1021]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,False
12,8,text,"Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative joint disease, and occurs with increasing prevalence due to our ageing population. It represents a major public health burden, as current therapies are l","[84, 1039, 572, 1475]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
12,9,text,,"[605, 223, 1127, 612]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,empty,False,True
12,10,text,"Osteoarthritic chondrocytes also display changes in lipid metabolism, as evidenced by increased cholesterol uptake, increased expression of cholesterol hydroxylases (CH25H and CYP7B1) and enhanced pro","[605, 612, 1127, 805]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
12,11,text,"Finally, amino acid-metabolizing pathways also appear to be altered in osteoarthritic chondrocytes $ ^{32} $, although in vivo data are still limited. ARG2, which converts the conditionally essential ","[605, 805, 1128, 1107]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
12,12,paragraph_title,Metabolic alterations in osteolineage cells during diabetic bone loss,"[607, 1124, 1116, 1169]",unknown_structural,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic alterations in osteolineage cells during diabetic ""]",subsection_heading,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,heading_like,none,False,True
12,13,text,"There is increasing evidence that diabetes is associated with increased bone fracture risk, although the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood and are probably multiface","[606, 1170, 1128, 1495]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
12,14,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,False,False
12,15,number,410,"[1091, 1524, 1126, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
13,0,header,Review article,"[77, 80, 308, 115]",noise,0.9,"[""header label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
13,1,text,"that bone marrow SSPCs from these diabetic mice display a reduction in glycolysis, which is associated with decreased expression of osteogenic genes $ ^{129} $. Glut1 deletion in Sp7-expressing osteol","[73, 223, 594, 570]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
13,2,paragraph_title,Are malignant cells in the bone environment metabolically adapted?,"[73, 587, 529, 631]",subsection_heading,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Are malignant cells in the bone environment metabolically ad""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,heading_like,none,True,True
13,3,text,"Metastatic cancer cells are considered to have a specific metabolic profile that is adapted to the local microenvironment of the tissue they home to $ ^{[131,132]} $, but whether tumour cells that for","[73, 634, 594, 1063]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
13,4,text,"The bone microenvironment also contributes to the progression of haematological malignancies by influencing their metabolic profile, often by unidirectional or bidirectional metabolite exchange $ ^{13","[73, 1064, 594, 1495]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
13,5,text,,"[604, 223, 1127, 399]",unknown_structural,0.3,"[""short text, uncertain role""]",unknown_structural,0.3,,unknown_like,empty,False,True
13,6,paragraph_title,Conclusions,"[608, 415, 744, 438]",section_heading,0.9,"[""explicit scholarly heading: Conclusions""]",section_heading,0.9,body_zone,heading_like,canonical_section_name,True,True
13,7,text,"Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in unravelling skeletal cell metabolism and its contribution to cell-specific behaviour. These findings highlight that nutrient availability ch","[605, 438, 1127, 697]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
13,8,text,"However, several questions remain to be answered. For example, are metabolic interactions between different skeletal cell types important? Is the metabolism of skeletal cells altered during bone patho","[605, 697, 1128, 1088]",body_paragraph,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph""]",body_paragraph,0.6,body_zone,body_like,none,True,True
13,9,paragraph_title,Published online: 18 March 2024 References,"[608, 1106, 856, 1168]",frontmatter_noise,0.6,"[""unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Published online: 18 March 2024 References""]",subsection_heading,0.6,body_zone,support_like,none,False,False
13,10,footer,,"[609, 1150, 702, 1168]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,empty,False,False
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13,21,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[75, 1523, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,none,False,False
13,22,number,411,"[1095, 1525, 1124, 1542]",noise,0.9,"[""page number label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,short_fragment,False,False
14,0,paragraph_title,Review article,"[77, 81, 307, 117]",noise,0.8,"[""running header: review article""]",noise,0.8,,heading_like,short_fragment,False,False
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15,63,paragraph_title,Acknowledgements,"[610, 1102, 767, 1119]",backmatter_heading,0.8,"[""backmatter heading on page 15: Acknowledgements""]",backmatter_heading_candidate,0.8,,unknown_like,short_fragment,True,True
15,64,text,"The authors thank Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Flanders for funding: EOS-GOF8218N, GOB3418N, GOC5120, G071321N, Hercules-I013518N.","[609, 1120, 1054, 1152]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
15,65,paragraph_title,Author contributions,"[609, 1166, 773, 1183]",backmatter_heading,0.8,"[""backmatter heading on page 15: Author contributions""]",backmatter_heading_candidate,0.8,,support_like,none,True,True
15,66,text,The authors contributed equally to all aspects of the article.,"[609, 1184, 937, 1200]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
15,67,paragraph_title,Competing interests,"[610, 1214, 770, 1231]",backmatter_heading,0.8,"[""backmatter heading on page 15: Competing interests""]",backmatter_heading_candidate,0.8,,unknown_like,short_fragment,True,True
15,68,text,The authors declare no competing interests.,"[613, 1235, 854, 1248]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
15,69,paragraph_title,Additional information,"[609, 1261, 785, 1279]",backmatter_heading,0.5,"[""backmatter boundary candidate: Additional information""]",backmatter_boundary_candidate,0.5,,unknown_like,none,True,True
15,70,text,"Peer review information Nature Reviews Endocrinology thanks Martina Rauner, Ryan Riddle and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.","[608, 1280, 1109, 1313]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
15,71,text,Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.,"[608, 1328, 1084, 1361]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,support_like,none,True,True
15,72,text,Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving,"[607, 1376, 1104, 1441]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
15,73,text,© Springer Nature Limited 2024,"[608, 1455, 789, 1473]",backmatter_body,0.6,"[""default body_paragraph for text label"", ""tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow""]",backmatter_body,0.6,tail_nonref_hold_zone,unknown_like,none,True,True
15,74,footer,Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413,"[76, 1524, 556, 1543]",noise,0.9,"[""footer label""]",noise,0.9,,unknown_like,none,False,False
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2 1 0 header nature reviews endocrinology [74, 79, 430, 112] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none False False
3 1 1 header https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-024-00969-x [778, 80, 1125, 105] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none False False
4 1 2 header Check for updates [958, 185, 1125, 211] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like short_fragment False False
5 1 3 text Review article [75, 185, 216, 212] non_body_insert 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 frontmatter_main_zone support_like short_fragment False False
6 1 4 doc_title Metabolic regulation of skeletal cell fate and function [76, 235, 969, 375] paper_title 0.6 ["page-1 frontmatter title guard: Metabolic regulation of skeletal cell fate and function"] paper_title 0.6 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none True True
7 1 5 paragraph_title Steve Stegen Ⓤ & Geert Carmeliet Ⓤ ✉ Abstract [74, 443, 421, 505] authors 0.6 ["author byline on page 1, assigned as authors: Steve Stegen \u24ca & Geert Carmeliet \u24ca \u2709 Abstract"] authors 0.6 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none True True
8 1 6 footer [75, 480, 167, 505] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like empty False False
9 1 7 abstract Bone development and bone remodelling during adult life are highly anabolic processes requiring an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts inte [73, 542, 858, 1254] abstract_body 0.85 ["abstract label from Paddle OCR"] abstract_body 0.85 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none True True
10 1 8 table <table><tr><td>Sections</td></tr><tr><td>Introduction</td></tr><tr><td>Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis</td></tr><tr><td>A general overview of cell metabolism</td></tr><tr>< [871, 487, 1123, 1124] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none True True
11 1 9 text Conclusions [874, 1125, 980, 1149] non_body_insert 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 frontmatter_main_zone heading_like canonical_section_name False False
12 1 10 footnote Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. e-mail: geert.carmeliet@kuleuven.be [75, 1449, 825, 1494] footnote 0.7 ["footnote label: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Depar"] footnote 0.7 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none True True
13 1 11 footer Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413 [75, 1522, 556, 1544] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 frontmatter_main_zone support_like none False False
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16 2 1 paragraph_title Key points [76, 221, 182, 247] structured_insert 0.7 ["structured insert label: key points"] structured_insert_candidate 0.7 frontmatter_side_zone heading_like short_fragment False False
17 2 2 table <table><tr><td>• Skeletal stem and progenitor cells display a high metabolic flexibility, and are likely to adapt to changing microenvironments.</td></tr><tr><td>• Osteoblasts use glycolysis and fatty [73, 270, 591, 738] structured_insert 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
18 2 3 vision_footnote • Metabolic disturbance is linked to skeletal cell dysfunction during bone pathology, and bone-metastatic and leukaemic cells hijack skeletal cell metabolism to support their tumorigenic spread. [74, 675, 566, 743] structured_insert 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: \u2022 Metabolic disturbance is linked to skeletal cell dysfuncti"] footnote 0.7 frontmatter_side_zone support_like none False False
19 2 4 paragraph_title Introduction [76, 780, 210, 803] section_heading 0.9 ["explicit scholarly heading: Introduction"] section_heading 0.9 frontmatter_side_zone heading_like canonical_section_name True True
20 2 5 text The skeleton has been considered to be a metabolically active organ for decades $ ^{1-3} $. The formation of bone, and also its maintenance throughout life, rely on highly anabolic, nutrient-consuming [73, 805, 593, 1192] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
21 2 6 text Technological developments have enabled scientists to thoroughly analyse cell metabolism in vitro and even in vivo. Most studies have been performed in the context of cancer biology, but more recently [73, 1192, 593, 1386] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
22 2 7 text [606, 222, 1126, 289] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
23 2 8 text In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of fuel selection and intermediary metabolic pathways in bone cells during bone formation, and how metabolic dysfunction can contribute to skelet [73, 1385, 594, 1495] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
24 2 9 paragraph_title Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis [607, 306, 1098, 352] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Cell types involved in skeletal development and homeostasis"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
25 2 10 text Skeletal development strongly depends on the differentiation and activity of phenotypically distinct cell types that are derived from different lineages. The mesenchymal lineage gives rise to bone-for [606, 353, 1126, 483] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
26 2 11 text The different mature mesenchymal cell types are not derived from a single stem cell but from a diverse set of skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs), which are found in distinct anatomical niches [606, 483, 1127, 675] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
27 2 12 text Osteoblasts derive from all subtypes of SSPCs and typically produce a collagenous extracellular matrix that later on becomes mineralized. Most terminally differentiated osteoblasts become progressivel [606, 675, 1128, 1322] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
28 2 13 text The formation of bone tissue is balanced by the action of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, which are myeloid lineage cells that remove damaged or fatigued bone through local dissolution of bone mineral and [605, 1320, 1128, 1495] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
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32 3 1 figure_title Table 1 | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types using transgenic mouse models [77, 222, 815, 249] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 1 | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types "] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
33 3 2 table <table><tr><td>Gene</td><td>Cre driver</td><td>Phenotype</td><td>Cell function</td><td>Metabolism</td><td>Refs.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">SSPCs</td></tr><tr><td>Glut1</td><td>Prrx1</td><td>No effec [74, 248, 1124, 1498] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
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37 4 1 figure_title Table 1 (continued) | In vivo metabolic studies in different cell types using transgenic mouse models [77, 222, 917, 248] table_caption_candidate 0.9 ["table prefix matched: Table 1 (continued) | In vivo metabolic studies in different"] table_caption 0.9 display_zone table_caption_like table_number True True
38 4 2 table <table><tr><td>Gene</td><td>Cre driver</td><td>Phenotype</td><td>Cell function</td><td>Metabolism</td><td>Refs.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">Chondrocytes (continued)</td></tr><tr><td>Elovl6</td><td>Sy [77, 241, 1124, 903] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: table"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like none True True
39 4 3 vision_footnote This table summarizes the most important in vivo studies mentioned in the main text.?, mechanism is not yet fully understood; αKG, α-ketoglutarate; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; AMPK, AMP-activated prote [73, 905, 1083, 975] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: This table summarizes the most important in vivo studies men"] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
40 4 4 paragraph_title A general overview of cell metabolism [75, 1017, 469, 1041] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: A general overview of cell metabolism"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
41 4 5 text Historically, most studies in the bone field focused on identifying the nutritional sources and metabolic pathways that support the synthesis of ATP. The main cellular bioenergetic hub consists of the [73, 1041, 595, 1495] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
42 4 6 text [606, 1019, 1127, 1214] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
43 4 7 text In addition to ATP production, many other metabolic pathways produce intermediates with additional regulatory roles (Fig. 2). For example, metabolites such as citrate, α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate can [605, 1212, 1128, 1496] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
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47 5 1 paragraph_title Skeletal cell metabolism is more than just bioenergetics Cell metabolism of SSPCs and osteogenic and adipogenic descendants [74, 220, 548, 308] section_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Skeletal cell metabolism is more than just bioenergetics Cel"] section_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
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49 5 3 text SSPCs are metabolically flexible cells. SSPCs are essential for bone development and maintenance, but insights into their in vivo metabolic profile are still limited, mainly because of technical limit [73, 309, 594, 675] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
50 5 4 text Of the different nutrients, glucose has long been considered to be the most important for SSPC function (Fig. 3), as evidenced by in vitro deprivation studies. Intriguingly, deletion of the glucose tr [73, 675, 594, 1192] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
51 5 5 text Besides glucose, fatty acids are also a possible nutritional source for SSPCs, as these cells express several fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-related genes $ ^{30} $ (Fig. 3). However, carnitine palmitoylt [73, 1192, 593, 1343] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
52 5 6 text Concerning amino acid metabolism, the amino acid sensor GCN2 (also known as eIF2AK4) controls the proliferation of bone marrow SSPCs and their progeny. GCN2 becomes activated when intracellular free a [73, 1342, 594, 1495] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
53 5 7 text [605, 223, 1125, 352] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
54 5 8 text The lack of an in vivo bone phenotype when important metabolic transporters or enzymes are deleted suggests that SSPCs display a high metabolic plasticity. This metabolic flexibility is probably neede [605, 353, 1128, 568] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
55 5 9 text In addition, the high metabolic plasticity of SSPCs provides strategic opportunities for tissue engineering approaches, whereby cells have to be transplanted in the avascular environment of the fractu [605, 568, 1127, 765] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
56 5 10 image [610, 799, 1126, 1337] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like empty True True
57 5 11 figure_title Fig. 1 | Differentiation of bone-resident cell types. The mesenchymal lineage gives rise to skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPC) that can differentiate into cartilage-forming chondrocytes, bone-f [606, 1353, 1122, 1494] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 1 | Differentiation of bone-resident cell types. The me"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
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61 6 1 image [78, 223, 1121, 1037] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like empty True True
62 6 2 text Fig. 2 | Metabolic features of skeletal cells. Environmental cues lead to intracellular signalling, which in turn causes metabolic reprogramming. The metabolic pathways important for this Review inclu [74, 1051, 583, 1214] figure_caption_candidate 0.9 ["figure prefix matched: Fig. 2 | Metabolic features of skeletal cells. Environmental", "long text, reduced confidence", "near figure media assets"] figure_caption 0.9 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
63 6 3 vision_footnote histone and DNA modification to control skeletal cell fate and differentiation. Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CI–CIV, different complexes (C) of the ETC; CoQ, coenzyme [607, 1050, 1119, 1194] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: histone and DNA modification to control skeletal cell fate a"] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
64 6 4 text maintain redox and energy balance and sustain proliferation $ ^{25} $. These metabolic changes also increase 2-hydroxyglutarate and succinate levels, which reduce ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA de [73, 1277, 593, 1494] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
65 6 5 text [606, 1277, 1126, 1364] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
66 6 6 text In summary, SSPCs display a high degree of metabolic plasticity, which enables them to function in changing microenvironments. [606, 1364, 1125, 1408] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
67 6 7 text Osteoblasts use different nutrients to fulfil specific functions. Upon exposure to systemic or local osteogenic stimuli, SSPCs can differentiate into the osteogenic lineage. Osteoblasts are highly ana [606, 1427, 1127, 1494] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
68 6 8 footer Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413 [75, 1523, 556, 1543] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
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71 7 1 text cells that produce large amounts of matrix, but unlike other secretory skeletal cell types such as chondrocytes, they often localize close to blood vessels $ ^{40} $. [74, 223, 593, 288] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
72 7 2 text Metabolically, osteoblast differentiation relies on GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake and Glut1 inactivation in cells expressing Sp7 (also known as osterix) reduces bone mass (Fig. 3). In osteoblasts, glu [73, 289, 594, 420] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
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75 7 5 text Fig. 3 | Metabolic profile of skeletal stem and progenitor cells, and their osteogenic and adipogenic descendants. Scheme of the metabolic profile, its regulation and importance for the function of sk [74, 1392, 570, 1494] figure_caption_candidate 0.9 ["figure prefix matched: Fig. 3 | Metabolic profile of skeletal stem and progenitor c", "long text, reduced confidence", "near figure media assets"] figure_caption 0.9 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
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80 8 1 text or by being converted to malate by malic enzyme 2, especially during osteoblast differentiation $ ^{43} $. Malate is then considered to contribute to the malate–aspartate shuttle (MAS) that in osteobl [73, 222, 594, 375] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
81 8 2 text Whether OXPHOS increases or decreases during osteoblast differentiation is still a matter of debate $ ^{43,45} $, and the contradictory observations might be explained by transient stage-specific fluc [73, 374, 594, 849] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
82 8 3 text The availability of amino acids such as glutamine and proline is important for osteoblast functioning, primarily by supporting biosynthesis and redox homeostasis (Fig. 3). Proliferating osteoprogenito [73, 848, 594, 1386] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
83 8 4 text [605, 222, 1125, 311] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
84 8 5 text Metabolites not only regulate intracellular properties but can also function extracellularly. Citrate is such a metabolite as it is part of the TCA cycle and contributes to lipogenesis, but is also hi [73, 1385, 594, 1495] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
85 8 6 text [605, 310, 1127, 721] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
86 8 7 text Bone marrow adipocytes are a unique cell type. During ageing and in response to environmental or nutritional stimuli, marrow SSPCs or osteoadipogenic progenitors differentiate into BMAds, which progre [606, 739, 1127, 1128] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
87 8 8 text Metabolically, the gene expression profile of adipogenic progenitors differs from that of osteogenic progenitors and is characterized by increased OXPHOS, but these in vitro data still need in vivo co [605, 1127, 1128, 1495] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
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91 9 1 text of Adipo-CAR cells and BMAds, and their metabolic interaction with surrounding skeletal and haematopoietic cells, is likely to contribute to our understanding of the bone phenotype in obesity, diabete [73, 223, 594, 291] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
92 9 2 paragraph_title Growth plate chondrocytes are adapted to a specific metabolic microenvironment [73, 306, 526, 352] section_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Growth plate chondrocytes are adapted to a specific metaboli"] section_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
93 9 3 text During long-bone development, SSPCs not only differentiate into osteoblasts and BMAds, but also give rise to chondrocytes in the early phases of the developmental process $ ^{16} $. Chondrocytes are u [73, 353, 595, 744] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
94 9 4 text [605, 223, 1127, 589] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
95 9 5 text Glucose, taken up mainly by GLUT1, a process regulated by BMP-HIF1α $ ^{27} $, appears to be an essential nutrient for chondrocytes (Fig. 4b), as conditional Glut1 deletion decreases their proliferati [605, 589, 1127, 743] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
96 9 6 image [82, 782, 442, 1213] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like empty True True
97 9 7 image [462, 778, 1119, 1401] media_asset 0.85 ["media label: image"] media_asset 0.85 body_zone body_like empty True True
98 9 8 figure_title Fig. 4 | Metabolic regulation of chondrocyte function. a, Low lipid availability and low oxygen levels increase SOX9 expression, which stimulates the differentiation of skeletal stem and progenitor ce [74, 1412, 582, 1494] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 4 | Metabolic regulation of chondrocyte function. a, Lo"] figure_caption 0.92 display_zone legend_like figure_number False False
99 9 9 vision_footnote chondrocyte function. Acan, aggrecan; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; GLS1, glutaminase 1; GSH, glutathione; HIF, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor; PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; ROS, reactiv [606, 1412, 1114, 1493] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: chondrocyte function. Acan, aggrecan; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzym"] footnote 0.7 body_zone body_like none True True
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103 10 1 text are equally important for chondrocyte function (for example, by supporting biosynthetic processes). Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the serine synthesis pathway (SS [73, 223, 594, 719] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
104 10 2 text The observation that TCA cycle anaplerosis by glucose is rather limited in chondrocytes suggests that these cells rely on other nutritional sources. Fatty acids are not a likely candidate, as these re [73, 719, 594, 1149] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
105 10 3 text Although exogenous fatty acids seem to have minimal importance for chondrocyte function, glutamine has been shown to complement glucose in supporting chondrocyte anabolism as part of a feedforward pro [73, 1150, 593, 1495] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
106 10 4 text [605, 223, 1126, 355] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 body_zone body_like empty False True
107 10 5 paragraph_title Metabolic adaptations during osteoclast differentiation [606, 371, 1026, 416] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic adaptations during osteoclast differentiation"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
108 10 6 text Bone homeostasis and quality depend on a well-adjusted balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation critically depends on the production of RANKL (encoded by Tnfsf11) by ost [605, 418, 1128, 1406] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
109 10 7 text Besides fatty acids, glucose is another major nutrient for osteoclasts. GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake increases during osteoclast differentiation and is associated not only with enhanced OXPHOS but al [604, 1407, 1128, 1495] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
110 10 8 footer Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413 [75, 1523, 557, 1543] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like none False False
111 10 9 number 408 [1088, 1524, 1125, 1542] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 body_zone body_like short_fragment False False
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114 11 2 figure_title Fig. 5 | Metabolic regulation of osteoclast differentiation and activity. a, M-CSF and RANKL induce the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors to mature active osteoclasts by regulating the metabol [74, 868, 541, 970] figure_caption_candidate 0.92 ["figure_title label: Fig. 5 | Metabolic regulation of osteoclast differentiation "] figure_caption 0.92 tail_nonref_hold_zone legend_like figure_number False False
115 11 3 vision_footnote palmitoyltransferase 2; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Me, methyl; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation [607, 867, 1123, 971] footnote 0.7 ["vision_footnote label: palmitoyltransferase 2; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; FAO, fa"] footnote 0.7 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
116 11 4 text for ATP synthesis $ ^{110,111} $. Glut1 deletion impairs glycolysis more than it impairs OXPHOS, and it also decreases in vitro osteoclastogenesis (Fig. 5b). Interestingly, Glut1 deletion in Lyz2-expr [73, 1040, 593, 1342] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
117 11 5 text Amino acid metabolism also contributes to osteoclastogenesis, although, for some amino acids, the exact metabolic mechanism is not fully understood. Preosteoclasts take up glutamine via SLC1A5, which [74, 1342, 594, 1495] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone body_like none True True
118 11 6 text [605, 1040, 1128, 1494] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like empty False True
119 11 7 footer Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413 [75, 1523, 556, 1543] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none False False
120 11 8 number 409 [1088, 1524, 1124, 1542] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like short_fragment False False
121 12 0 header Review article [77, 81, 307, 117] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like short_fragment False False
122 12 1 text line with the observation that Tie2-Cre-mediated deletion of Arg1 does not affect osteoclast properties at baseline $ ^{117} $. Whether Arg1-conditional knockout mice are more susceptible to inflammat [74, 222, 593, 356] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone body_like none True True
123 12 2 paragraph_title Metabolic disturbance during bone pathology [74, 371, 548, 397] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic disturbance during bone pathology"] subsection_heading 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone heading_like none True True
124 12 3 text Most studies investigating skeletal cell metabolism have been performed during bone development, but more recent evidence suggests that alterations in specific metabolic pathways underly skeletal path [73, 397, 593, 484] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone body_like none True True
125 12 4 paragraph_title Metabolic dysfunction in osteoarthritic chondrocytes is associated with disease progression [73, 502, 542, 547] section_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: Metabolic dysfunction in osteoarthritic chondrocytes is asso"] section_heading 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
126 12 5 text Osteoarthritis is a complex, multifactorial disease that is characterized by the progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage and structural changes to the entire joint, leading to severe disa [73, 546, 594, 851] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone body_like none True True
127 12 6 paragraph_title Box 1 Osteoarthritis: a largely unmet clinical problem [87, 891, 554, 1021] structured_insert 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Box 1 Osteoarthritis: a largely unmet clinical problem"] subsection_heading 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone heading_like none False False
128 12 7 footer [87, 939, 554, 1021] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like empty False False
129 12 8 text Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative joint disease, and occurs with increasing prevalence due to our ageing population. It represents a major public health burden, as current therapies are l [84, 1039, 572, 1475] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
130 12 9 text [605, 223, 1127, 612] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like empty False True
131 12 10 text Osteoarthritic chondrocytes also display changes in lipid metabolism, as evidenced by increased cholesterol uptake, increased expression of cholesterol hydroxylases (CH25H and CYP7B1) and enhanced pro [605, 612, 1127, 805] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
132 12 11 text Finally, amino acid-metabolizing pathways also appear to be altered in osteoarthritic chondrocytes $ ^{32} $, although in vivo data are still limited. ARG2, which converts the conditionally essential [605, 805, 1128, 1107] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
133 12 12 paragraph_title Metabolic alterations in osteolineage cells during diabetic bone loss [607, 1124, 1116, 1169] unknown_structural 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Metabolic alterations in osteolineage cells during diabetic "] subsection_heading 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone heading_like none False True
134 12 13 text There is increasing evidence that diabetes is associated with increased bone fracture risk, although the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood and are probably multiface [606, 1170, 1128, 1495] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
135 12 14 footer Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413 [75, 1523, 556, 1543] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none False False
136 12 15 number 410 [1091, 1524, 1126, 1543] noise 0.9 ["page number label"] noise 0.9 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like short_fragment False False
137 13 0 header Review article [77, 80, 308, 115] noise 0.9 ["header label"] noise 0.9 unknown_like short_fragment False False
138 13 1 text that bone marrow SSPCs from these diabetic mice display a reduction in glycolysis, which is associated with decreased expression of osteogenic genes $ ^{129} $. Glut1 deletion in Sp7-expressing osteol [73, 223, 594, 570] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
139 13 2 paragraph_title Are malignant cells in the bone environment metabolically adapted? [73, 587, 529, 631] subsection_heading 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Are malignant cells in the bone environment metabolically ad"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone heading_like none True True
140 13 3 text Metastatic cancer cells are considered to have a specific metabolic profile that is adapted to the local microenvironment of the tissue they home to $ ^{[131,132]} $, but whether tumour cells that for [73, 634, 594, 1063] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
141 13 4 text The bone microenvironment also contributes to the progression of haematological malignancies by influencing their metabolic profile, often by unidirectional or bidirectional metabolite exchange $ ^{13 [73, 1064, 594, 1495] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
142 13 5 text [604, 223, 1127, 399] unknown_structural 0.3 ["short text, uncertain role"] unknown_structural 0.3 unknown_like empty False True
143 13 6 paragraph_title Conclusions [608, 415, 744, 438] section_heading 0.9 ["explicit scholarly heading: Conclusions"] section_heading 0.9 body_zone heading_like canonical_section_name True True
144 13 7 text Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in unravelling skeletal cell metabolism and its contribution to cell-specific behaviour. These findings highlight that nutrient availability ch [605, 438, 1127, 697] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
145 13 8 text However, several questions remain to be answered. For example, are metabolic interactions between different skeletal cell types important? Is the metabolism of skeletal cells altered during bone patho [605, 697, 1128, 1088] body_paragraph 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "promoted in tail spread from body_paragraph"] body_paragraph 0.6 body_zone body_like none True True
146 13 9 paragraph_title Published online: 18 March 2024 References [608, 1106, 856, 1168] frontmatter_noise 0.6 ["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Published online: 18 March 2024 References"] subsection_heading 0.6 body_zone support_like none False False
147 13 10 footer [609, 1150, 702, 1168] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 unknown_like empty False False
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158 13 21 footer Nature Reviews Endocrinology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 399–413 [75, 1523, 556, 1543] noise 0.9 ["footer label"] noise 0.9 unknown_like none False False
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298 15 63 paragraph_title Acknowledgements [610, 1102, 767, 1119] backmatter_heading 0.8 ["backmatter heading on page 15: Acknowledgements"] backmatter_heading_candidate 0.8 unknown_like short_fragment True True
299 15 64 text The authors thank Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Flanders for funding: EOS-GOF8218N, GOB3418N, GOC5120, G071321N, Hercules-I013518N. [609, 1120, 1054, 1152] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
300 15 65 paragraph_title Author contributions [609, 1166, 773, 1183] backmatter_heading 0.8 ["backmatter heading on page 15: Author contributions"] backmatter_heading_candidate 0.8 support_like none True True
301 15 66 text The authors contributed equally to all aspects of the article. [609, 1184, 937, 1200] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
302 15 67 paragraph_title Competing interests [610, 1214, 770, 1231] backmatter_heading 0.8 ["backmatter heading on page 15: Competing interests"] backmatter_heading_candidate 0.8 unknown_like short_fragment True True
303 15 68 text The authors declare no competing interests. [613, 1235, 854, 1248] backmatter_body 0.6 ["default body_paragraph for text label", "tail_nonref_hold_zone excluded from body flow"] backmatter_body 0.6 tail_nonref_hold_zone unknown_like none True True
304 15 69 paragraph_title Additional information [609, 1261, 785, 1279] backmatter_heading 0.5 ["backmatter boundary candidate: Additional information"] backmatter_boundary_candidate 0.5 unknown_like none True True
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