lllin000_PaperForge/audit/24A2QUAH/block_trace.csv

1	page	block_id	raw_label	content_preview	bbox	role	role_confidence	evidence	seed_role	seed_confidence	zone	style_family	marker_type	render_default	index_default
2	1	0	header	Hindawi Biochemistry Research International Volume 2020, Article ID 9659412, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9659412	[97.0, 96.0, 376.0, 174.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
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5	1	3	text	Review Article	[98.0, 270.0, 308.0, 305.0]	unknown_structural	0.3	["short text, uncertain role"]	unknown_structural	0.3	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	short_fragment	False	True
6	1	4	doc_title	Animal Models of Osteochondral Defect for Testing Biomaterials	[97.0, 316.0, 1103.0, 354.0]	paper_title	0.8	["page-1 zone title_zone: Animal Models of Osteochondral Defect for Testing Biomateria"]	paper_title	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
7	1	5	text	Xiangbo Meng $ ^{ID} $ $ ^{1,2} $ Reihane Ziadlou, $ ^{3} $ Sibylle Grad, $ ^{3} $ Mauro Alini, $ ^{3} $ Chunyi Wen $ ^{ID} $ $ ^{4} $ Yuxiao Lai, $ ^{2} $ Ling Qin, $ ^{2,5} $ Yanyan Zhao $ ^{ID} $ $	[166.0, 417.0, 1032.0, 477.0]	authors	0.8	["page-1 zone author_zone: Xiangbo Meng $ ^{ID} $ $ ^{1,2} $ Reihane Ziadlou, $ ^{3} $ "]	authors	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
8	1	6	text	$ ^{1} $College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China	[168.0, 493.0, 689.0, 515.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{1} $College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
9	1	7	text	Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China	[169.0, 530.0, 852.0, 554.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy "]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
10	1	8	text	$ ^{3} $AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland	[170.0, 558.0, 775.0, 579.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{3} $AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 72"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
11	1	9	text	$ ^{4} $Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China	[170.0, 580.0, 1076.0, 622.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{4} $Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Eng"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
12	1	10	text	$ ^{5} $Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China	[169.0, 624.0, 1075.0, 667.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{5} $Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of O"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
13	1	11	text	Correspondence should be addressed to Yanyan Zhao; zhaoyany606@163.com and Xinluan Wang; xl.wang@siat.ac.cn	[168.0, 681.0, 1039.0, 705.0]	frontmatter_support	0.78	["first-surviving-page support text: Correspondence should be addressed to Yanyan Zhao; zhaoyany6"]	frontmatter_support	0.78	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
14	1	12	text	Received 21 October 2019; Accepted 7 January 2020; Published 28 January 2020	[169.0, 721.0, 757.0, 744.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Received 21 October 2019; Accepted 7 January 2020; Published"]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
15	1	13	text	Academic Editor: Paul W. Doetsch	[168.0, 759.0, 433.0, 781.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Academic Editor: Paul W. Doetsch"]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
16	1	14	text	Copyright © 2020 Xiangbo Meng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any me	[167.0, 798.0, 1102.0, 842.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Copyright \u00a9 2020 Xiangbo Meng et al. This is an open access "]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
17	1	15	abstract	The treatment of osteochondral defects (OCD) remains a great challenge in orthopaedics. Tissue engineering holds a good promise for regeneration of OCD. In the light of tissue engineering, it is criti	[168.0, 854.0, 1103.0, 1129.0]	abstract_body	0.85	["abstract label from Paddle OCR"]	abstract_body	0.85	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
18	1	16	paragraph_title	1. Introduction	[99.0, 1208.0, 261.0, 1233.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 1. Introduction"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	heading_like	heading_numbered	True	True
19	1	17	text	Osteochondral defects (OCD) are a common condition caused by severe trauma, sports injuries, or physical diseases, leading to joint pain, deformity, and dysfunction [1]. Joint injuries caused by traum	[95.0, 1253.0, 586.0, 1484.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
20	1	18	text		[611.0, 1206.0, 1104.0, 1435.0]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	["ocr detected text region (raw_label=text) but no text extracted; no pdf backfill available"]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	empty	True	True
21	1	19	text	The current clinical treatments for repair of OCD are only palliative rather than curative [7]. The common goal of	[611.0, 1436.0, 1106.0, 1484.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
22	2	0	number	2	[98.0, 86.0, 114.0, 105.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
23	2	1	header	Biochemistry Research International	[801.0, 85.0, 1102.0, 108.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
24	2	2	text	successful treatments is to relieve pain, repair damaged tissue, and improve joint function [8]. Current methods for treatment of cartilage lesions mainly include medical treatments (nonsteroid anti-i	[96.0, 142.0, 586.0, 603.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
25	2	3	text	In this review, we summarize the benefits and limitations of each species for reproducing specific defects, analyze and compare the similarities between animal models and human clinical conditions, an	[95.0, 603.0, 587.0, 719.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
26	2	4	paragraph_title	2. Selection Criteria and Critical Size	[96.0, 746.0, 484.0, 772.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2. Selection Criteria and Critical Size"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_dot	True	True
27	2	5	text	2.1. General Selection Criteria. The ideal animal model should be as close to the clinical setting as possible, have biological similarity, and be a suitable model for cartilage physiology [11, 12]. A	[96.0, 788.0, 587.0, 1228.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
28	2	6	text	2.2. Critical Size of OCD. The critical size defect is defined as the smallest defect size (in diameter) the animal cannot self-repair without intervention [19]. In animal experiments, the understandi	[95.0, 1265.0, 587.0, 1499.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
29	2	7	text		[611.0, 141.0, 1104.0, 673.0]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	["ocr detected text region (raw_label=text) but no text extracted; no pdf backfill available"]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	body_zone	body_like	empty	True	True
30	2	8	paragraph_title	3. Small Animal Models	[613.0, 694.0, 866.0, 720.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 3. Small Animal Models"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_dot	True	True
31	2	9	text	Small animal models are crucial in “proof-of-concept” studies, especially for testing biosafety. In these studies, concepts are validated and in vitro results are first translated in vivo. Small anima	[611.0, 735.0, 1103.0, 990.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
32	2	10	text	3.1. Rats. The rat models used for OCD regeneration have several advantages, as rats are inexpensive, easy to handle and house, and clinically more relevant than mice. The skeletal maturity of rats is	[611.0, 1024.0, 1104.0, 1417.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
33	2	11	text	3.1.1. Experimental Protocol of Animal Surgeries. In typical procedures, animals were anaesthetized and shaved and the	[611.0, 1449.0, 1104.0, 1498.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
34	2	12	aside_text	9353, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/9659412 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [25/02/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wile	[1162.0, 31.0, 1181.0, 1576.0]	noise	0.95	["margin-band narrow/tall geometry; treated as noise"]	noise	0.95	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
35	3	0	header	Biochemistry Research International	[98.0, 86.0, 399.0, 109.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
36	3	1	number	3	[1087.0, 87.0, 1101.0, 106.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
37	3	2	figure_title	TABLE 1: Comparison of age, cartilage, and defect size in different species.	[319.0, 142.0, 878.0, 165.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 1: Comparison of age, cartilage, and defect size in di"]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
38	3	3	table	<table><tr><td>Species</td><td>Age of skeletal maturity</td><td>Cartilage thickness</td><td>Cartilage volume</td><td>Critical-sized defect</td><td>Common defect depth</td></tr><tr><td>Rat</td><td>7 mo	[98.0, 171.0, 1103.0, 393.0]	media_asset	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
39	3	4	figure_title	TABLE 2: Examples of studies using rat osteochondral defect models.	[341.0, 432.0, 857.0, 454.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 2: Examples of studies using rat osteochondral defect "]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
40	3	5	table	<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Age</td><td>Defect size (diameter $ \times $ depth)</td><td>Location</td><td>Endpoint</td><td>Material tested</td></tr><tr><td>Lee and Im [35]</td><td>12 weeks</td><td>	[99.0, 461.0, 1101.0, 704.0]	table_html	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
41	3	6	text	knee was disinfected. A medial temporal medial longitudinal incision was made to expose the synovium of the knee joint, and then the trochlear groove was further exposed after the lateral patellar lux	[96.0, 740.0, 588.0, 927.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
42	3	7	text	3.1.2. Applications of Rat OCD Model for Testing of Osteochondral Repair Materials. Using a 12-week-old rat model, Lee and Im [35] found that SOX trio-co-transduced adipose tissue derived stem cells (	[95.0, 968.0, 588.0, 1499.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
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44	3	9	text	3.2. Rabbit. The rabbit model provides a suitable small animal model for assessing the repair of OCD, as rabbits have larger joints for surgical procedures [41]. The age of skeletal maturity in rabbit	[611.0, 946.0, 1105.0, 1497.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
45	3	10	aside_text	9353, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/9659412 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [25/02/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wile	[1163.0, 32.0, 1181.0, 1577.0]	noise	0.95	["margin-band narrow/tall geometry; treated as noise"]	noise	0.95	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
46	4	0	number	4	[99.0, 88.0, 115.0, 107.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
47	4	1	header	Biochemistry Research International	[801.0, 86.0, 1102.0, 110.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
48	4	2	figure_title	TABLE 3: Examples of studies using rabbit osteochondral defect models.	[330.0, 142.0, 868.0, 166.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 3: Examples of studies using rabbit osteochondral defe"]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
49	4	3	table	<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Age/ weight</td><td>Defect size (diameter $ \times $ depth)</td><td>Location</td><td>Endpoint</td><td>Material tested</td></tr><tr><td>Liao et al. [42]</td><td>2-2.5 kg	[98.0, 171.0, 1101.0, 435.0]	table_html	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
50	4	4	text	3.2.1. Experimental Protocol of Animal Surgeries. In most studies, the creation of an OCD was based on the following protocol. The rabbits were anaesthetized; then, a medial peripatellar incision was	[95.0, 473.0, 587.0, 705.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
51	4	5	text	3.2.2. Applications of Rabbit OCD Models for Testing of Osteochondral Repair Materials. Liao et al. [42] prepared a novel hybrid scaffold composed of methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (CSMA), poly(eth	[95.0, 738.0, 588.0, 1498.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
52	4	6	paragraph_title	4. Large Animal Models	[612.0, 474.0, 866.0, 501.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 4. Large Animal Models"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_dot	True	True
53	4	7	text	The large animals, such as goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, and horses, have the advantages of joint size and cartilage thickness and also have the most similar clinical lesions to humans [55]. Although larg	[610.0, 516.0, 1104.0, 863.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
54	4	8	text	4.1. Dog. The dog is considered to be a very friendly and loving partner over the world. The social and ethical issues associated with the use of dogs as preclinical and translational animal models ar	[611.0, 902.0, 1104.0, 1295.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
55	4	9	text	4.1.1. Experimental Protocol of Animal Surgeries. Dogs were anaesthetized intravenously. The dog was fixed on the operating table in a supine position and the hair was shaved over the knee joint. The	[610.0, 1335.0, 1104.0, 1498.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
56	4	10	aside_text	9353, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/9659412 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [25/02/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wile	[1162.0, 30.0, 1181.0, 1576.0]	noise	0.95	["margin-band narrow/tall geometry; treated as noise"]	noise	0.95	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
57	5	0	header	Biochemistry Research International	[98.0, 86.0, 399.0, 109.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
58	5	1	number	5	[1087.0, 87.0, 1102.0, 107.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
59	5	2	image		[256.0, 144.0, 942.0, 356.0]	figure_asset	0.85	["media label: image"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	unknown_like	empty	True	True
60	5	3	figure_title	FIGURE 1: The process of the OCD regeneration in rabbits. A: the OCD were generated by electric drill in the femoral patellar groove; B: a 3.2 mm in diameter and 3.0 mm deep OCD was obtained; C: the b	[97.0, 366.0, 1103.0, 411.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: FIGURE 1: The process of the OCD regeneration in rabbits. A:"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
61	5	4	figure_title	TABLE 4: Examples of studies using dog osteochondral defect models.	[337.0, 443.0, 860.0, 465.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 4: Examples of studies using dog osteochondral defect "]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
62	5	5	table	<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Age</td><td>Defect size (diameter $ \times $ depth)</td><td>Location</td><td>Endpoint</td><td>Material tested</td></tr><tr><td>Lv and Yu [59]</td><td>12 months</td><td>	[98.0, 469.0, 1100.0, 694.0]	table_html	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
63	5	6	text	concurrently and medial tibial plateau. Scaffolds were implanted, and the wound layer was sutured [59].	[96.0, 731.0, 587.0, 780.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
64	5	7	text	4.1.2. Applications of Dog OCD Models for Testing of Osteochondral Repair Materials. Lv and Yu [59] investigated the articular OCD (6 mm diameter and 12 mm depth) repair using a composite lamellar sca	[96.0, 813.0, 588.0, 1254.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
65	5	8	text	4.2. Pig. Pigs are considered to be a suitable animal model for mimicking human diseases and have widely been used in biomedical research [63, 64]. The pig joint size, weight requirements, and cartila	[95.0, 1289.0, 587.0, 1499.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
66	5	9	text		[610.0, 731.0, 1103.0, 986.0]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	["ocr detected text region (raw_label=text) but no text extracted; no pdf backfill available"]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	body_zone	body_like	empty	True	True
67	5	10	text	4.2.1. Experimental Protocol of Animal Surgeries. After animals were anaesthetized, a 5 cm incision was created in the skin to expose the medial condyle. A cylindrical OCD was created in the knee join	[611.0, 1021.0, 1103.0, 1186.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
68	5	11	text	4.2.2. Applications of Pig OCD Models for Testing of Osteochondral Repair Materials. Several studies on cartilage and cartilage defects have been reported using min-pig. Christensen and coauthors [68]	[610.0, 1219.0, 1105.0, 1498.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
69	5	12	aside_text	9353, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/9659412 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [25/02/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wile	[1163.0, 31.0, 1181.0, 1576.0]	noise	0.95	["margin-band narrow/tall geometry; treated as noise"]	noise	0.95	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
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71	6	1	header	Biochemistry Research International	[801.0, 86.0, 1102.0, 110.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
72	6	2	figure_title	TABLE 5: Examples of studies using pig osteochondral defect models.	[340.0, 142.0, 857.0, 166.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 5: Examples of studies using pig osteochondral defect "]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
73	6	3	table	<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Age</td><td>Defect size (diameter $ \times $ depth)</td><td>Location</td><td>Endpoint</td><td>Material tested</td></tr><tr><td>Christensen et al. [68]</td><td>19.8 mont	[98.0, 172.0, 1101.0, 371.0]	table_html	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
74	6	4	text	enhance the mechanical properties and histological appearance of cartilage regenerates in mini-pig OCD models.	[95.0, 404.0, 586.0, 453.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
75	6	5	text	4.3. Sheep. Sheep is one of the commonly used animal models in orthopaedic research. The anatomy of the knee is similar to humans. However, due to the thinness of the cartilage, most of the defects ar	[96.0, 485.0, 587.0, 877.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
76	6	6	text	4.3.1. Experimental Protocol of Animal Surgeries. The sheep were anaesthetized; then, sheep were placed in dorsal recumbency. The skin on the right knee was sterilized and was ready for sterile surger	[95.0, 909.0, 587.0, 1120.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
77	6	7	text	4.3.2. Applications of Sheep OCD Models for Testing of Osteochondral Repair Materials. Schlichting et al. [70] created an 8 mm in diameter and 15 mm deep OCD in the femoral condyles of 24 sheep to pro	[95.0, 1150.0, 588.0, 1499.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
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79	6	9	text	4.4. Goat. Goats are similar to sheep and are easy to raise and manage. The skeletal maturity of goats is similar to that of sheep, namely, about 2 to 3 years [11]. Goats aged between 2 and 4 years ha	[611.0, 600.0, 1104.0, 1061.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
80	6	10	text	4.4.1. Experimental Protocol of Animal Surgeries. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia via joint surgery. Using retractors with the limb placed at maximal flexion, the implantation site was	[611.0, 1093.0, 1104.0, 1278.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
81	6	11	text	4.4.2. Applications of Goat OCD Models for Testing of Osteochondral Repair Materials. Goat has been successfully used as a model for OCD to evaluate new implants. Zhang et al. [76] fabricated BMSC-int	[611.0, 1309.0, 1105.0, 1499.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
82	6	12	aside_text	9353, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/9659412 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [25/02/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wile	[1162.0, 31.0, 1182.0, 1576.0]	noise	0.95	["margin-band narrow/tall geometry; treated as noise"]	noise	0.95	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
83	7	0	header	Biochemistry Research International	[98.0, 86.0, 400.0, 110.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
84	7	1	number	7	[1086.0, 86.0, 1102.0, 107.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
85	7	2	figure_title	TABLE 6: Examples of studies using sheep osteochondral defect models.	[330.0, 142.0, 867.0, 166.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 6: Examples of studies using sheep osteochondral defec"]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
86	7	3	table	<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Age</td><td>Defect size (diameter $ \times $ depth)</td><td>Location</td><td>Endpoint</td><td>Material tested</td></tr><tr><td>Schlichting et al. [70]</td><td>2 and 3 y	[99.0, 170.0, 1099.0, 413.0]	media_asset	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
87	7	4	figure_title	TABLE 7: Examples of studies using goat osteochondral defect models.	[336.0, 452.0, 863.0, 476.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 7: Examples of studies using goat osteochondral defect"]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
88	7	5	table	<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Age/ weight</td><td>Defect size (diameter $ \times $ depth)</td><td>Location</td><td>Endpoint</td><td>Material tested</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang et al. [76]</td><td>12 mont	[97.0, 482.0, 1100.0, 743.0]	table_html	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
89	7	6	text	found that PRP would further enhance the regenerative capacity of DBM. Kon et al. [78] created critical-sized defects of 6 mm diameter and 10 mm depth in the medial femoral condyle of the knee joint.	[95.0, 782.0, 588.0, 1130.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
90	7	7	text	4.5. Horse. As horses are robust and long-lived animals, they are suitable models for assessing the repair of superficial cartilage and subchondral bone in chronic injuries in weight-bearing condition	[95.0, 1174.0, 588.0, 1499.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
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92	7	9	text	4.5.1. Experimental Protocol of Animal Surgeries. Horse was positioned in dorsal recumbence. General anesthesia was maintained and a 5 cm incision made between the middle and medial patellar ligaments	[611.0, 1047.0, 1104.0, 1278.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
93	7	10	text	4.5.2. Applications of Horse OCD Models for Testing of Osteochondral Repair Materials. Bolanos et al. [84] used a horse model to investigate the effect of decellularized cartilage-derived matrix (CDM)	[611.0, 1310.0, 1104.0, 1499.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
94	7	11	aside_text	9353, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/9659412 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [25/02/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wile	[1162.0, 31.0, 1181.0, 1577.0]	noise	0.95	["margin-band narrow/tall geometry; treated as noise"]	noise	0.95	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
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96	8	1	header	Biochemistry Research International	[801.0, 86.0, 1102.0, 109.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
97	8	2	figure_title	TABLE 8: Examples of studies using horse osteochondral defect models.	[331.0, 142.0, 867.0, 165.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 8: Examples of studies using horse osteochondral defec"]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
98	8	3	table	<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Age</td><td>Defect size (diameter $ \times $ depth)</td><td>Location</td><td>Endpoint</td><td>Material tested</td></tr><tr><td>Seo et al. [83]</td><td>3.6 $ \pm $ 2.3	[98.0, 171.0, 1099.0, 394.0]	media_asset	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
99	8	4	figure_title	TABLE 9: Examples of studies using monkey cartilage or osteochondral defect models.	[277.0, 438.0, 920.0, 462.0]	table_caption	0.9	["table prefix matched: TABLE 9: Examples of studies using monkey cartilage or osteo"]	table_caption	0.9	display_zone	table_caption_like	table_number	True	True
100	8	5	table	<table><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Age</td><td>Defect size (diameter $ \times $ depth)</td><td>Location</td><td>Endpoint</td><td>Treatment</td></tr><tr><td>Buckwalter et al. [90]</td><td>—</td><td>3.2 mm	[98.0, 468.0, 1101.0, 649.0]	table_html	0.85	["media label: table"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
101	8	6	text	and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for repairing of OCD in horses. The results showed that the GT/MSCs/BMP-2/PRP implantation promoted osteochondral regeneration in the equine model. McCarrel et al. [85]	[95.0, 684.0, 588.0, 963.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
102	8	7	paragraph_title	5. Nonhuman Primate Model	[97.0, 993.0, 406.0, 1018.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 5. Nonhuman Primate Model"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_dot	True	True
103	8	8	text	Most animal models differ in biomechanical functions and/or physiological responses from human, limiting the ability to extrapolate data to clinical practice. The nonhuman primate (NHP) models overcom	[96.0, 1035.0, 588.0, 1497.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
104	8	9	text		[609.0, 685.0, 1104.0, 1054.0]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	["ocr detected text region (raw_label=text) but no text extracted; no pdf backfill available"]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	body_zone	body_like	empty	True	True
105	8	10	paragraph_title	6. Selecting an Appropriate Animal Model Based on Multiple Factors	[612.0, 1083.0, 1052.0, 1136.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 6. Selecting an Appropriate Animal Model Based on Multiple F"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_dot	True	True
106	8	11	text	The selection of animal models is critical to promote translational research to the clinical application of biomaterials. Generally, small animal models including rats and rabbits are beneficial for e	[609.0, 1151.0, 1105.0, 1500.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
107	8	12	aside_text	9353, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/9659412 by CochraneChina, Wiley Online Library on [25/02/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wile	[1162.0, 31.0, 1181.0, 1576.0]	noise	0.95	["margin-band narrow/tall geometry; treated as noise"]	noise	0.95	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
108	9	0	header	Biochemistry Research International	[99.0, 86.0, 398.0, 109.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
109	9	1	number	9	[1087.0, 88.0, 1101.0, 105.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
110	9	2	text	should be considered for selecting the appropriate animal models to achieve specific study objectives, such as the size and location of the defect, age, study duration, and surgical considerations. Be	[97.0, 143.0, 586.0, 283.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
111	9	3	paragraph_title	7. Conclusion	[98.0, 304.0, 244.0, 328.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 7. Conclusion"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	heading_like	heading_numbered	True	True
112	9	4	text	In this review, we summarize the benefits and limitations of each species for reproducing specific defects, analyze and compare the similarities between animal models and human clinical situations, an	[96.0, 345.0, 586.0, 531.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
113	9	5	paragraph_title	Conflicts of Interest	[98.0, 552.0, 312.0, 576.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Conflicts of Interest"]	subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	heading_like	none	True	True
114	9	6	text	The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.	[97.0, 593.0, 583.0, 617.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
115	9	7	paragraph_title	Acknowledgments	[98.0, 639.0, 292.0, 664.0]	sub_subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Acknowledgments"]	sub_subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	heading_like	short_fragment	True	True
116	9	8	text	This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81773964), Sino-Swiss collaborative project from Ministry of Science and Technology (2015DFG32200), the Swiss National Scie	[96.0, 681.0, 587.0, 887.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
117	9	9	paragraph_title	References	[99.0, 909.0, 216.0, 934.0]	reference_heading	0.9	["references heading: References"]	reference_heading	0.9	reference_zone	heading_like	short_fragment	True	True
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