lllin000_PaperForge/audit/53B47JM8/block_trace.csv

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4	1	2	header	ELSEVIER	[73.0, 233.0, 194.0, 258.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	short_fragment	False	False
5	1	3	header	Contents lists available at ScienceDirect	[453.0, 122.0, 742.0, 144.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
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7	1	5	header	journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/nanoen	[372.0, 233.0, 822.0, 256.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
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9	1	7	doc_title	Biodegradable nanofiber bone-tissue scaffold as remotely-controlled and self-powering electrical stimulator	[70.0, 329.0, 947.0, 397.0]	paper_title	0.6	["page-1 frontmatter title guard: Biodegradable nanofiber bone-tissue scaffold as remotely-con"]	paper_title	0.6	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
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11	1	9	text	Ritopa Das $ ^{a} $, Eli J. Curry $ ^{a,1} $, Thinh T. Le $ ^{b,1} $, Guleid Awale $ ^{c} $, Yang Liu $ ^{b} $, Shunyi Li $ ^{a} $, Joemart Contreras $ ^{a} $, Casey Bednarz $ ^{d} $, Jayla Millender	[69.0, 417.0, 882.0, 496.0]	authors	0.8	["page-1 zone author_zone: Ritopa Das $ ^{a} $, Eli J. Curry $ ^{a,1} $, Thinh T. Le $ "]	authors	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
12	1	10	text	$ ^{a} $ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA	[70.0, 509.0, 576.0, 528.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{a} $ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
13	1	11	text	$ ^{b} $ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA	[70.0, 527.0, 577.0, 545.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{b} $ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
14	1	12	text	$ ^{c} $ Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA	[70.0, 544.0, 660.0, 562.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{c} $ Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
15	1	13	text	$ ^{d} $ Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA	[70.0, 563.0, 608.0, 582.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{d} $ Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Universi"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
16	1	14	text	$ ^{e} $ Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA	[70.0, 577.0, 944.0, 595.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{e} $ Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Devel"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
17	1	15	text	$ ^{1} $ The Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA	[67.0, 594.0, 912.0, 615.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{1} $ The Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translati"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
18	1	16	text	$ ^{8} $ Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA	[71.0, 613.0, 606.0, 629.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{8} $ Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut H"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
19	1	17	text	$ ^{h} $ Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA	[71.0, 629.0, 525.0, 648.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{h} $ Institute of Materials Science, University of Conne"]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
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21	1	19	text	Keywords: Biodegradable piezoelectric nanofibers Ultrasound Electrical stimulation Bone regeneration Tissue engineering	[71.0, 732.0, 300.0, 839.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.7	["frontmatter noise text: Keywords:\nBiodegradable piezoelectric nanofibers\nUltrasound\n"]	frontmatter_noise	0.7	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
22	1	20	paragraph_title	A B S T R A C T	[400.0, 694.0, 522.0, 713.0]	section_heading	0.5	["unnumbered paragraph_title on page 1 outside title zone: A B S T R A C T"]	section_heading	0.5	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	True	True
23	1	21	abstract	Electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to induce and enhance bone regeneration. By combining this treatment with tissue-engineering approaches (which rely on biomaterial scaffolds to construct art	[397.0, 733.0, 1120.0, 966.0]	body_paragraph	0.85	["abstract label from Paddle OCR"]	abstract_body	0.85	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
24	1	22	paragraph_title	1. Introduction	[72.0, 1023.0, 198.0, 1043.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 1. Introduction"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
25	1	23	text	Reconstruction of large/major bone defects remains a significant challenge in modern medicine $ [1,2] $. Until now, the gold standard has been to use auto- or allo-grafts, which suffer from problems	[69.0, 1065.0, 581.0, 1232.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
26	1	24	text	Several biomaterials including hydrogels, naturally-derived biomaterials, synthetic polymers (e.g. poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), polycaprolactone, etc.) [7–9] in combination with c	[70.0, 1233.0, 581.0, 1276.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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28	1	26	footnote	* Corresponding author. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.	[80.0, 1322.0, 835.0, 1345.0]	footnote	0.7	["footnote label: * Corresponding author. Department of Mechanical Engineering"]	footnote	0.7	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
29	1	27	footnote	E-mail address: nguyentd@uconn.edu (T.D. Nguyen).	[81.0, 1342.0, 442.0, 1363.0]	footnote	0.7	["footnote label: E-mail address: nguyentd@uconn.edu (T.D. Nguyen)."]	footnote	0.7	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
30	1	28	footnote	$ ^{1} $ Denotes equally contributed Authors.	[81.0, 1361.0, 344.0, 1380.0]	footnote	0.7	["footnote label: $ ^{1} $ Denotes equally contributed Authors."]	footnote	0.7	body_zone	body_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
31	1	29	footnote	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105028	[71.0, 1394.0, 384.0, 1413.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105028"]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
32	1	30	footer	Received 26 March 2020; Received in revised form 6 May 2020; Accepted 27 May 2020 Available online 27 June 2020 2211-2855/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	[70.0, 1405.0, 648.0, 1469.0]	noise	0.9	["footer label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
33	2	0	header	R. Das et al.	[71.0, 70.0, 146.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
34	2	1	header	Nano Energy 76 (2020) 105028	[937.0, 70.0, 1120.0, 88.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
35	2	2	text	render ES limited in clinical applications and combination with tissue engineering approaches.	[70.0, 107.0, 581.0, 148.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
36	2	3	text	Piezoelectric materials, a group of “smart” materials which produce electricity under applied force, can be used as a self-powered scaffold that can utilize body movements or external mechanical vibra	[68.0, 151.0, 582.0, 609.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
37	2	4	text	Consequently, the development of biodegradable piezoelectric materials becomes important to offer novel biomaterials that can generate electrical charges to promote bone regeneration and safely degrad	[68.0, 610.0, 582.0, 944.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
38	2	5	text	The nanofibers not only offer an extracellular matrix (ECM)-like environment [35–37] but are also biodegradable to avoid the need for any removal procedures and facilitate tissue in-growth, an advance	[68.0, 944.0, 582.0, 1155.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
39	2	6	text		[606.0, 107.0, 1120.0, 190.0]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	["ocr detected text region (raw_label=text) but no text extracted; no pdf backfill available"]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	body_zone	body_like	empty	True	True
40	2	7	paragraph_title	2. Experimental section	[607.0, 211.0, 802.0, 232.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2. Experimental section"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_dot	True	True
41	2	8	paragraph_title	2.1. Preparation of PLLA nanofiber mat	[608.0, 253.0, 893.0, 274.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.1. Preparation of PLLA nanofiber mat"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
42	2	9	text	The poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofiber mat was fabricated by electrospinning as described in our previous work [32]. PLLA (PUR-ASORB PL38) was purchased from Corbion Purac (Amsterdam, Netherlands).	[606.0, 295.0, 1120.0, 819.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
43	2	10	paragraph_title	2.2. Characterization of PLLA film	[609.0, 840.0, 857.0, 861.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.2. Characterization of PLLA film"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
44	2	11	text	SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was performed on mats prepared to observe the orientation of the PLLA fibers and the microstructure of the mats. Square shaped PLLA films with a dimension of 7m	[606.0, 882.0, 1120.0, 1111.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
45	2	12	text	Measurement of the piezoelectric property and ultrasound receiving capability of the PLLA films: A force sensor was fabricated to test the	[606.0, 1113.0, 1121.0, 1155.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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47	2	14	figure_title	Fig. 1. The use of biodegradable piezoelectric PLLA nanofibers in combination with non-invasive ultrasound (US) to produce well-controlled, on-demand and stable surface charge (i.e. electrical stimula	[826.0, 1179.0, 1119.0, 1466.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Fig. 1. The use of biodegradable piezoelectric PLLA nanofibe"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
48	2	15	number	2	[589.0, 1513.0, 603.0, 1528.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
49	3	0	header	R. Das et al.	[71.0, 70.0, 145.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
50	3	1	header	Nano Energy 76 (2020) 105028	[938.0, 70.0, 1120.0, 88.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
51	3	2	text	piezoelectric property of the PLLA film. The treated PLLA films were cut at a 45° angle with the fiber direction films with a dimension of 1.27 cm long, 1.27 cm wide to maximize the shear force under	[69.0, 108.0, 582.0, 441.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
52	3	3	text	Film degradation study: This study was designed to determine the functional lifetime of the piezoelectric PLLA nanofiber mat. The objective of this experiment is to determine how long the PLLA mat ret	[69.0, 444.0, 582.0, 1028.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
53	3	4	paragraph_title	2.2.1. Preparation of PLLA scaffolds for ADSC culture	[71.0, 1050.0, 453.0, 1068.0]	sub_subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.2.1. Preparation of PLLA scaffolds for ADSC culture"]	sub_subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
54	3	5	text	The scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning as previously described. The scaffolds used as the experimental group were spun at 3000-rpm and 1000-rpm (i.e. piezoelectric samples and less-piezoelectr	[69.0, 1070.0, 581.0, 1237.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
55	3	6	paragraph_title	2.3. Sterilization of the PLLA scaffolds and preparation of the cell culture plates to seed ADSCs	[69.0, 1259.0, 569.0, 1300.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.3. Sterilization of the PLLA scaffolds and preparation of "]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
56	3	7	text	The scaffolds prepared were sterilized using ethanol and UV treatment. The entire process was carried out under a laminar flow cell culture hood. First, the scaffolds were soaked in 70% ethanol for 30	[68.0, 1322.0, 581.0, 1466.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
57	3	8	text	Once the whole process of sterilization was completed, the scaffolds are fixed onto 6-well culture plates (purchased from Thermo Scientific) using biocompatible silicone glue (KWIK-SIL produced by Wor	[92.0, 1468.0, 581.0, 1488.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
58	3	9	text		[607.0, 107.0, 1120.0, 338.0]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	["ocr detected text region (raw_label=text) but no text extracted; no pdf backfill available"]	ocr_text_missing	0.8	body_zone	body_like	empty	True	True
59	3	10	paragraph_title	2.4. ADSC culture	[609.0, 359.0, 745.0, 379.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.4. ADSC culture"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
60	3	11	text	Cells were seeded onto the PLLA scaffolds after they were sterilized and glued to the well plates. The cells used for this purpose were adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) that were purchased from iXCe	[607.0, 399.0, 1119.0, 926.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
61	3	12	paragraph_title	2.5. Ultrasonic (US) treatment on the ADSCs	[608.0, 945.0, 927.0, 965.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.5. Ultrasonic (US) treatment on the ADSCs"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
62	3	13	text	The US treatment on the cells was started a day after the cells were put in osteogenic media. The treatment was performed using a sonication cleaning bath (Branson 2800 CPX series). The ultrasound pro	[606.0, 988.0, 1120.0, 1195.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
63	3	14	text	First, we taped the lid onto 4 sides of the plate using labelling tape. Then we removed the plate from the cell hood and encapsulated it in two layers of plastic wrap (Kirkland Signature Stretch-Tite	[606.0, 1197.0, 1120.0, 1489.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
64	3	15	number	3	[589.0, 1514.0, 603.0, 1528.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
65	4	0	header	R. Das et al.	[72.0, 70.0, 145.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
66	4	1	header	Nano Energy 76 (2020) 105028	[938.0, 70.0, 1120.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
67	4	2	text	laboratory clamp, stand apparatus and an alligator clip. The plate was suspended so that it was submerged halfway into the water and horizontally level. The plate was sonicated for 20 min. When the 20	[70.0, 107.0, 581.0, 295.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
68	4	3	text	After 10 days of treatment, the cultures were terminated and analyzed for osteogenic differentiation activity. The assays performed are Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme quantification, polymerase cha	[69.0, 358.0, 582.0, 527.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
69	4	4	paragraph_title	2.6. Bone regeneration assays	[71.0, 317.0, 284.0, 337.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.6. Bone regeneration assays"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
70	4	5	paragraph_title	2.7. BCA assay	[71.0, 547.0, 188.0, 567.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.7. BCA assay"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
71	4	6	text	BCA assay was used to quantify the total protein content of the cultures and this quantity was used to normalize the results of ALP and Alizarin red quantification. Protein was extracted from the cult	[69.0, 589.0, 582.0, 757.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
72	4	7	paragraph_title	2.8. ALP quantification assay	[71.0, 777.0, 283.0, 798.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.8. ALP quantification assay"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
73	4	8	text	The Alkaline phosphatase quantification was carried out using a kit purchased from Biorad (cat no-172-1063). The kit has a p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate (pNPP) based quantification technique. The protein so	[69.0, 819.0, 582.0, 1051.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
74	4	9	paragraph_title	2.9. Alizarin red assay	[71.0, 1071.0, 237.0, 1091.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.9. Alizarin red assay"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
75	4	10	text	For the Alizarin red assay, the cultures (after removing the media) were fixed in 70% ethanol at 4 °C for 1 h. Following this, the ethanol was removed, the wells were rinsed and the Alizarin red dye (	[69.0, 1112.0, 581.0, 1343.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
76	4	11	paragraph_title	2.10. PCR quantification	[70.0, 1364.0, 251.0, 1385.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.10. PCR quantification"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
77	4	12	text	PCR (polymerase chain reaction) quantification was performed using the universal sybr green master mix manufactured by Bio-rad. The primers used were osterix (forward sequence of 5'-GGA AAG GAG GCA CA	[68.0, 1406.0, 581.0, 1488.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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79	4	14	paragraph_title	2.11. BMSC reporter cell usage	[609.0, 442.0, 832.0, 463.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.11. BMSC reporter cell usage"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
80	4	15	text	Apart from our ADSC cultures, we also used a fluorescent reporter cell system to confirm the osteogenic properties of our materials which allowed us to monitor the proliferation and differentiation of	[606.0, 484.0, 1120.0, 736.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
81	4	16	paragraph_title	2.12. Preparation of PLLA scaffolds for BMSCs	[609.0, 756.0, 942.0, 777.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.12. Preparation of PLLA scaffolds for BMSCs"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
82	4	17	text	The groups used were the same as those for the ADSC cultures. The scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning as previously described. The scaffolds used as the experimental group were spun at 3000-rpm	[607.0, 798.0, 1120.0, 925.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
83	4	18	paragraph_title	2.13. Sterilization of the PLLA scaffolds and preparation of the cell culture plates to seed BMSCs	[608.0, 945.0, 1075.0, 987.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.13. Sterilization of the PLLA scaffolds and preparation of"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
84	4	19	text	The scaffolds prepared were sterilized using 70% ethanol and UV and attached to 6 well plates using biocompatible silicone glue in the same way as described previously for the ADSC cultures and in viv	[607.0, 1007.0, 1119.0, 1092.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
85	4	20	paragraph_title	2.14. BMSC culture	[609.0, 1113.0, 756.0, 1133.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.14. BMSC culture"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
86	4	21	text	Primary BMSCs were harvested from the bone marrow of 3-4-week-old dual transgenic mice containing BSP-GFP-topaz and DMP1-RFP-mCherry fluorescent reporter genes. The hind legs of the mice were harveste	[607.0, 1154.0, 1120.0, 1490.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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90	5	2	text	cells were allowed to attach for one day under proliferation media. After that, the proliferation medium was replaced with osteogenic differentiation medium that was prepared by adding 50 $ \mu $g/ml	[70.0, 106.0, 581.0, 233.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
91	5	3	paragraph_title	2.15. Ultrasonic (US) treatment on the BMSCs	[70.0, 253.0, 400.0, 273.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.15. Ultrasonic (US) treatment on the BMSCs"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
92	5	4	text	The US treatment was done on the reporter cell seeded scaffolds in the same manner as the ADSC seeded scaffolds. The culture plate was sealed using plastic wrap and duct tape and half suspended into t	[69.0, 295.0, 582.0, 422.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
93	5	5	paragraph_title	2.16. Fluorescence microscopy and image processing	[70.0, 442.0, 436.0, 463.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.16. Fluorescence microscopy and image processing"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
94	5	6	text	At days 0 (pre-seeding), 1, 2 and 3 of US treatment, reporter cell fluorescence (N = 3) was captured using the Zeiss Axio Observer Z.1 inverted fluorescence microscope. The fluorescence of the cells w	[69.0, 483.0, 582.0, 736.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
95	5	7	paragraph_title	2.17. Preparation of PLLA scaffolds for the in vivo experiment on mice	[71.0, 757.0, 562.0, 777.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.17. Preparation of PLLA scaffolds for the in vivo experime"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
96	5	8	text	The scaffolds used were prepared by electrospinning and then cutting out squares from the electro spun films at the dimensions of $ 4 \, mm \times 4 \, mm $. The scaffolds that were used as the exper	[68.0, 798.0, 581.0, 946.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
97	5	9	paragraph_title	2.18. Sterilization of the PLLA scaffolds for the implantation	[71.0, 966.0, 492.0, 987.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.18. Sterilization of the PLLA scaffolds for the implantati"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
98	5	10	text	The scaffolds prepared were cut into $ 4 \, mm \times 4 \, mm $ pieces and sterilized using 70% ethanol and UV in the same way as described previously for the ADSC cultures.	[69.0, 1008.0, 581.0, 1072.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
99	5	11	paragraph_title	2.19. Implantation surgery to demonstrate the osteoinductive property of the PLLA nanofiber film	[70.0, 1092.0, 571.0, 1133.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.19. Implantation surgery to demonstrate the osteoinductive"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
100	5	12	text	The surgical procedure has been approved by the institutional Animal Use Committee (Protocol # 101815-0421). Six transgenic NSG mice containing Collagen 3.6 -GFP-topaz fluorescent genes (Charlse River	[68.0, 1154.0, 583.0, 1490.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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102	5	14	paragraph_title	2.20. US treatment on the animals	[609.0, 295.0, 855.0, 315.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.20. US treatment on the animals"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
103	5	15	text	The US treatment was received by the animals for 30 min a day, 5 days a week, 4 weeks in total. The US transducer used for this experiment was a bolt clamped langevin transducer that operated at 40 kH	[607.0, 337.0, 1120.0, 694.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
104	5	16	paragraph_title	2.21. Sample collection	[609.0, 714.0, 779.0, 734.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.21. Sample collection"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
105	5	17	text	Two weeks after the termination of the US treatment, the animals were euthanized and their calvarial bone (Fig. S2) was harvested to look for evidence of bone regeneration inside the defect.	[607.0, 756.0, 1119.0, 819.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
106	5	18	paragraph_title	2.22. Histology	[609.0, 840.0, 725.0, 861.0]	subsection_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 2.22. Histology"]	subsection_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
107	5	19	text	The harvested calvaria bone was fixed in 10% neutral neutral-buffered formalin (Sigma) at 4 °C overnight, rinsed with PBS (1X) three times, and then soaked in 30% sucrose (Sigma) in deionized water at	[606.0, 882.0, 1120.0, 1238.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
108	5	20	paragraph_title	3. Results and discussions	[609.0, 1259.0, 822.0, 1279.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 3. Results and discussions"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
109	5	21	text	We used electrospinning to create the piezoelectric PLLA nanofiber mats and post-process the films by annealing and cutting at $ 45^{\circ} $ to achieve piezoelectric PLLA nanofibers, following our p	[606.0, 1301.0, 1120.0, 1490.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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117	6	6	figure_title	Fig. 2. Characterization of the microstructure and piezoelectric performance of the PLLA nanofiber mats under applied ultrasound (US). a. Schematic of the electrospinning setup used to fabricate the P	[69.0, 1083.0, 582.0, 1315.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Fig. 2. Characterization of the microstructure and piezoelec"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
118	6	7	text	significantly higher output voltage than the ones produced at 1000 rpm while the signal is smallest for the samples made at 300 rpm under the same applied US (see Fig. 2b and c, and S1). Therefore, we	[69.0, 1337.0, 583.0, 1486.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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120	6	9	text	Importantly, we carried out in vitro experiments to study osteogenesis of stem cells grown on the scaffolds. Fig. 3a and Fig. S3 describes our in vitro experiment in which we apply US (40 KHz, 20 min/	[607.0, 463.0, 1120.0, 632.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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128	6	17	figure_title	Fig. 3. Osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, grown on the piezoelectric PLLA nanofiber scaffold under applied US in vitro. a. A simple schematic demonstrates our setup for seeding adipose stem ce	[606.0, 1241.0, 1120.0, 1488.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Fig. 3. Osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, grown on t"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
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132	7	2	text	of stem cells for combination with our PLLA nanofibers (if needed in the future) to construct a tissue scaffold. We used three nanofiber films of 3000-rpm (piezo. sample), 1000-rpm (less-piezo. sample	[68.0, 106.0, 583.0, 652.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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134	7	4	text	In addition to ADSCs, we also confirmed the ability of our piezoelectric nanofiber scaffold under applied US to induce osteogenesis from bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) with reporter genes in vitro, as	[606.0, 483.0, 1120.0, 653.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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138	7	8	figure_title	Fig. 4. Osteogenic activity of reporter bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) when grown on the electrospun PLLA scaffolds with US treatment. a. Schematic to demonstrate the progressive expression from BSP t	[799.0, 678.0, 1119.0, 1025.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Fig. 4. Osteogenic activity of reporter bone marrow stem cel"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
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142	8	2	text	electrospun scaffolds (same groups as for the ADSC cultures). Fig. 4a demonstrates schematically the progressive expression from BSP to DMP for the BMSCs that undergo osteogenic differentiation and ch	[68.0, 106.0, 583.0, 610.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
143	8	3	text	To further demonstrate the osteo-inductive property of the surface charge produced by our biodegradable piezoelectric nanofibers, we performed an in vivo proof of concept experiment, as seen in Fig. 5	[68.0, 609.0, 582.0, 758.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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154	8	14	figure_title	Fig. 5. Representative histology sections of the mouse calvarial bone showing details of bone formation and cell migration into the defects for the groups of piezo-scaffold (3000 rpm) and non-piezo. s	[69.0, 1317.0, 1121.0, 1490.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Fig. 5. Representative histology sections of the mouse calva"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
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158	9	2	text	osteoblast activity in a region [63,64]. Therefore, the green Collagen 3.6 fluorescent signals allow us to visualize the number of osteoblast-like cells at the defect site. Fig. 5c (iii) clearly shows	[69.0, 107.0, 582.0, 420.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
159	9	3	text	In brief, the in vivo results clearly illustrate that the group 1 with the piezoelectric scaffold and ultrasound (US) strongly induce mineral/bone formation, ALP release and osteoblast migration. Thes	[69.0, 421.0, 581.0, 547.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
160	9	4	paragraph_title	4. Conclusions	[71.0, 567.0, 195.0, 587.0]	section_heading	0.85	["paragraph_title label with numbering: 4. Conclusions"]	section_heading	0.85	body_zone	body_like	heading_numbered	True	True
161	9	5	text	We have presented a novel tissue electrical-stimulation approach, using the biodegradable piezoelectric PLLA nanofiber scaffold with non-invasive US to generate controllable surface charges, consequen	[68.0, 608.0, 583.0, 985.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	tail_nonref_hold_zone	body_like	none	True	True
162	9	6	text	Despite such a significant advantage, further studies and optimizations of the presented tissue-stimulation approach are still required. First, an optimal amount of piezoelectric charge for osteogenes	[68.0, 986.0, 583.0, 1447.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	tail_nonref_hold_zone	body_like	none	True	True
163	9	7	paragraph_title	Data statement	[609.0, 108.0, 733.0, 127.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Data statement"]	subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	True	True
164	9	8	text	The experimental data, presented herein, are available for sharing upon a reasonable request.	[607.0, 149.0, 1118.0, 191.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
165	9	9	paragraph_title	Declaration of competing interest	[608.0, 211.0, 875.0, 232.0]	backmatter_boundary_candidate	0.5	["backmatter boundary candidate: Declaration of competing interest"]	backmatter_boundary_candidate	0.5	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
166	9	10	text	Authors declare no competing interests.	[632.0, 253.0, 921.0, 273.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
167	9	11	paragraph_title	CRediT authorship contribution statement	[608.0, 294.0, 942.0, 315.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: CRediT authorship contribution statement"]	subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
168	9	12	text	Ritopa Das: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Eli J. Curry: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editi	[606.0, 337.0, 1120.0, 632.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
169	9	13	paragraph_title	Acknowledgements	[609.0, 651.0, 765.0, 672.0]	sub_subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Acknowledgements"]	sub_subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	True	True
170	9	14	text	The work is supported by the NIH (Grant # 1R21AR075196 and # 1R21AR075133). Guleid Awale is supported by NIH (supplementary grant #R21EB024787-02S1). The authors thank Allison Taylor and Jessica Horny	[607.0, 692.0, 1120.0, 799.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
171	9	15	paragraph_title	Appendix A. Supplementary data	[608.0, 818.0, 875.0, 839.0]	reference_item	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Appendix A. Supplementary data"]	subsection_heading	0.6	reference_zone	reference_like	citation_line	True	True
172	9	16	text	Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105028.	[607.0, 860.0, 1116.0, 902.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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233	10	38	reference_content	[58] M. Kharaziha, M.H. Fathi, H. Edris, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 24 (2013) 9–20.	[74.0, 1240.0, 561.0, 1271.0]	reference_item	0.85	["reference content label: [58] M. Kharaziha, M.H. Fathi, H. Edris, J. Mech. Behav. Bio"]	reference_item	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_bracket	True	True
234	10	39	reference_content	[59] U. Stachewicz, T. Qiao, S.C.F. Rawlinson, F.V. Almeida, W.-Q. Li, M. Cattell, A. H. Barber, Acta Biomater. 27 (2015) 88–100.	[74.0, 1272.0, 563.0, 1305.0]	reference_item	0.85	["reference content label: [59] U. Stachewicz, T. Qiao, S.C.F. Rawlinson, F.V. Almeida,"]	reference_item	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_bracket	True	True
235	10	40	reference_content	[60] T.L. Arinzeh, J. Moy, G.P. Huang, Am. Sci. 105 (2017) 298+.	[74.0, 1304.0, 464.0, 1320.0]	reference_item	0.85	["reference content label: [60] T.L. Arinzeh, J. Moy, G.P. Huang, Am. Sci. 105 (2017) 2"]	reference_item	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_bracket	True	True
236	10	41	reference_content	[61] S.M. Damaraju, Y. Shen, E. Elele, B. Khusid, A. Eshghinejad, J. Li, M. Jaffe, T. L. Arinzeh, Biomaterials 149 (2017) 51–62.	[73.0, 1320.0, 559.0, 1350.0]	reference_item	0.85	["reference content label: [61] S.M. Damaraju, Y. Shen, E. Elele, B. Khusid, A. Eshghin"]	reference_item	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_bracket	True	True
237	10	42	reference_content	[62] M. Aghajanpoor, S. Hashemi-Najafabadi, M. Baghaban-Eslaminejad, F. Bagheri, S. Mohammad Mousavi, F. Azam Sayyahpour, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 105 (2017) 1887–1899.	[74.0, 1351.0, 574.0, 1398.0]	reference_item	0.85	["reference content label: [62] M. Aghajanpoor, S. Hashemi-Najafabadi, M. Baghaban-Esla"]	reference_item	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_bracket	True	True
238	10	43	reference_content	[63] S. Cremers, P. Garnero, M.J. Seibel, Chapter 87 - biochemical markers of bone metabolism, in: J.P. Bilezikian, L.G. Raisz, T.J. Martin (Eds.), Principles of Bone Biology, third ed., Academic Pres	[74.0, 1399.0, 568.0, 1446.0]	reference_item	0.85	["reference content label: [63] S. Cremers, P. Garnero, M.J. Seibel, Chapter 87 - bioch"]	reference_item	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_bracket	True	True
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242	10	47	reference_content	[67] Z.Y. Zhang, Y.D. Xu, Y.Y. Ma, L.L. Qiu, Y. Wang, J.L. Kong, H.M. Xiong, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (2013) 4127–4131.	[613.0, 141.0, 1106.0, 170.0]	reference_item	0.85	["reference content label: [67] Z.Y. Zhang, Y.D. Xu, Y.Y. Ma, L.L. Qiu, Y. Wang, J.L. K"]	reference_item	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	reference_numeric_bracket	True	True
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244	10	49	vision_footnote	Ritopa Das received her BS in Chemical Engineering from Jadavpur University, India and her MS in Biomedical Engineering from University of Georgia, Athens. She is currently a PhD candidate at the Univ	[758.0, 212.0, 1120.0, 311.0]	footnote	0.7	["vision_footnote label: Ritopa Das received her BS in Chemical Engineering from Jada"]	footnote	0.7		unknown_like	none	True	True
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246	10	51	figure_title	Eli J. Curry is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Connecticut. He also received his B.S. in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Connecticut (2016). Hi	[759.0, 470.0, 1119.0, 570.0]	reference_item	0.85	["figure_title label: Eli J. Curry is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in Biomedical E"]	figure_caption	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	citation_line	True	True
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248	10	53	figure_title	Thinh T. Le received his M.S. degree of mechanical engineering from the Catholic University of America, US in 2017. He is currently pursuing Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering Department, Universi	[759.0, 729.0, 1119.0, 828.0]	reference_item	0.85	["figure_title label: Thinh T. Le received his M.S. degree of mechanical engineeri"]	figure_caption	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	citation_line	True	True
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253	11	1	header	Nano Energy 76 (2020) 105028	[937.0, 70.0, 1120.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9		unknown_like	none	False	False
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255	11	3	figure_title	Yang Liu received his Ph.D degree from Peking University in 2018. He is now a postdoc researcher in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut. His research interest focuses o	[219.0, 101.0, 584.0, 186.0]	figure_caption_candidate	0.85	["figure_title label: Yang Liu received his Ph.D degree from Peking University in "]	figure_caption	0.85		legend_like	none	False	False
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257	11	5	image		[74.0, 362.0, 216.0, 563.0]	figure_asset	0.85	["media label: image"]	media_asset	0.85		unknown_like	empty	True	True
258	11	6	figure_title	Xiaonan Xin, MD, Ph.D, Currently, an Assistant Research Professor at University of Connecticut Health. She has worked in the field of skeletal biology and regeneration. In her studies, she has establi	[757.0, 103.0, 1120.0, 264.0]	figure_caption	0.85	["figure_title label: Xiaonan Xin, MD, Ph.D, Currently, an Assistant Research Prof"]	figure_caption	0.85		legend_like	none	True	True
259	11	7	figure_title	Shunyi Li received her B.S.E. degree in Biomedical Engineering with a Materials Science and Engineering minor from the University of Connecticut in 2020. Currently, she is entering the medical device	[220.0, 360.0, 582.0, 443.0]	reference_item	0.85	["figure_title label: Shunyi Li received her B.S.E. degree in Biomedical Engineeri"]	figure_caption	0.85	reference_zone	legend_like	none	True	True
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264	11	12	figure_title	Joemart Ian Contreras has a degree in biomedical engineering with a concentration in bioinstrumentation from the University of Connecticut. He is currently pursuing a master's degree in biomedical eng	[220.0, 617.0, 582.0, 718.0]	figure_caption_candidate	0.85	["figure_title label: Joemart Ian Contreras has a degree in biomedical engineering"]	figure_caption	0.85		legend_like	none	False	False
265	11	13	figure_title	Dr. David Rowe received his MD from the University of Vermont. Currently he is a Professor of Reconstructive Sciences at UConn Health and the Director of the Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skele	[758.0, 360.0, 1120.0, 490.0]	figure_caption_candidate	0.85	["figure_title label: Dr. David Rowe received his MD from the University of Vermon"]	figure_caption	0.85		legend_like	none	False	False
266	11	14	image		[613.0, 620.0, 755.0, 821.0]	figure_asset	0.85	["media label: image"]	media_asset	0.85		unknown_like	empty	True	True
267	11	15	figure_title	Dr. Sharareh Emadi finished her Ph.D. at the Pasteur Institute in France, specializing in Cardiovascular Pharmacology. She is currently an Assistant Professor-In-Residence in the department of Biomedi	[757.0, 618.0, 1120.0, 733.0]	figure_caption_candidate	0.85	["figure_title label: Dr. Sharareh Emadi finished her Ph.D. at the Pasteur Institu"]	figure_caption	0.85		legend_like	none	False	False
268	11	16	figure_title	Casey E. Bednarz received her B.S. degree in Physiology and Neurobiology from the University of Connecticut in 2019. She is currently working full time and planning to go back and to school to pursue	[220.0, 876.0, 582.0, 945.0]	reference_item	0.85	["figure_title label: Casey E. Bednarz received her B.S. degree in Physiology and "]	figure_caption	0.85	reference_zone	reference_like	citation_line	True	True
269	11	17	figure_title	Dr. Kevin Lo is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at UConn Health. He has held editorial positions on several prestigious journals including PLoS ONE. His research programs include musculoskeletal re	[758.0, 876.0, 1120.0, 1071.0]	figure_caption	0.85	["figure_title label: Dr. Kevin Lo is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at UConn "]	figure_caption	0.85		legend_like	none	True	True
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271	11	19	figure_title	Jayla Millender is an honors undergraduate student at the University of Connecticut pursuing degrees in Africana Studies and Molecular and Cellular Biology. Her research focuses on the development of	[220.0, 1133.0, 582.0, 1218.0]	figure_caption_candidate	0.85	["figure_title label: Jayla Millender is an honors undergraduate student at the Un"]	figure_caption	0.85		legend_like	none	False	False
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273	11	21	figure_title	Dr. Thanh Duc Nguyen received his PhD from Princeton University (2013) and completed his postdoctoral training from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 2015). Currently, he is an Assistant Pro	[758.0, 1134.0, 1120.0, 1329.0]	backmatter_body	0.85	["figure_title label: Dr. Thanh Duc Nguyen received his PhD from Princeton Univers"]	figure_caption	0.85		legend_like	none	True	True
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