lllin000_PaperForge/audit/2AGGSMVQ/block_trace.csv

1	page	block_id	raw_label	content_preview	bbox	role	role_confidence	evidence	seed_role	seed_confidence	zone	style_family	marker_type	render_default	index_default
2	1	0	doc_title	A Pulsing Electric Field (PEF) Increases Human Chondrocyte Proliferation through a Transduction Pathway Involving Nitric Oxide Signaling	[66.0, 64.0, 1077.0, 139.0]	paper_title	0.8	["page-1 zone title_zone: A Pulsing Electric Field (PEF) Increases Human Chondrocyte P"]	paper_title	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
3	1	1	text	Robert J. Fitzsimmons, $ ^{1} $ Stephen L. Gordon, $ ^{2} $ James Kronberg, $ ^{2} $ Timothy Ganey, $ ^{3} $ Arthur A. Pilla $ ^{4} $	[67.0, 170.0, 833.0, 195.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.7	["keyword-like block: Robert J. Fitzsimmons, $ ^{1} $ Stephen L. Gordon, $ ^{2} $ "]	frontmatter_noise	0.7	body_zone	reference_like	citation_line	False	False
4	1	2	text	$ ^{1} $The Technical Basis LLC, 24769 Redlands Blvd, Suite E, Loma Linda, California 92354, $ ^{2} $Healthonics, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, $ ^{3} $Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Atlanta Medical C	[66.0, 207.0, 1079.0, 269.0]	affiliation	0.8	["page-1 zone affiliation_zone: $ ^{1} $The Technical Basis LLC, 24769 Redlands Blvd, Suite "]	affiliation	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	affiliation_marker	True	True
5	1	3	text	Received 12 June 2007; accepted 18 October 2007	[66.0, 278.0, 416.0, 298.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: Received 12 June 2007; accepted 18 October 2007"]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
6	1	4	text	Published online 31 January 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jor.20590	[66.0, 298.0, 839.0, 318.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.7	["frontmatter noise text: Published online 31 January 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www."]	frontmatter_noise	0.7	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
7	1	5	abstract	ABSTRACT: A potential treatment modality for joint pain due to cartilage degradation is electromagnetic fields (EMF) that can be delivered, noninvasively, to chondrocytes buried within cartilage. A pu	[67.0, 333.0, 1080.0, 614.0]	abstract_body	0.85	["abstract label from Paddle OCR"]	abstract_body	0.85	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	True	True
8	1	6	text	Keywords: pulsing electric field; chondrocytes; DNA content; nitric oxide; cGMP	[67.0, 628.0, 686.0, 650.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.7	["frontmatter noise text: Keywords: pulsing electric field; chondrocytes; DNA content;"]	frontmatter_noise	0.7	frontmatter_main_zone	support_like	none	False	False
9	1	7	text	To provide patients with more treatment options for pain management, especially as the population ages, there is a growing need for new methods, drugs, and devices. $ ^{1} $ Joint pain due to injury,	[66.0, 691.0, 558.0, 828.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
10	1	8	text	Cartilage tissue has limited capacity for repair following injury. Untreated defects in the cartilage layer of a joint heal poorly or do not heal at all. The tissue degradation that ensues leads inevi	[65.0, 829.0, 559.0, 1034.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
11	1	9	text	Noninvasive electromagnetic fields have been shown to reduce musculoskeletal pain and edema with no known side effects. $ ^{5} $ Recently, a capacitively coupled pulsing electric field (PEF) signal ha	[65.0, 1034.0, 559.0, 1309.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
12	1	10	text	It is well known that PEMF signals of the type produced by BGS devices can have a physiologically significant effect on tissue growth and repair in animal studies $ ^{7} $ and human clinical trials. $	[65.0, 1310.0, 560.0, 1381.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
13	1	11	text	studies7 and human clinical trials.8 Based on these reports it was hypothesized that PEF signals may be able to modulate chondrocyte proliferation. It is thus the primary intent of this study to test	[583.0, 688.0, 1079.0, 805.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
14	1	12	text	It was considered equally important to determine a possible biological pathway by which the PEF signal could exert its action on chondrocytes. This would help establish a set of criteria by which prop	[583.0, 806.0, 1080.0, 1105.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
15	1	13	paragraph_title	MATERIALS AND METHODS	[586.0, 1126.0, 864.0, 1148.0]	section_heading	0.9	["explicit scholarly heading: MATERIALS AND METHODS"]	section_heading	0.9	body_zone	heading_like	canonical_section_name	True	True
16	1	14	text	Majority of reagents were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) such as culture media (DMEM, #MT10013CV), calf serum (#B14-401F), and L-NAME (#72760) for inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, LY82583 (#	[583.0, 1150.0, 1078.0, 1341.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
17	1	15	paragraph_title	Cell Culture	[585.0, 1363.0, 691.0, 1383.0]	section_heading	0.5	["unnumbered paragraph_title on page 1 outside title zone: Cell Culture"]	section_heading	0.5	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	True	True
18	1	16	text	Normal human chondrocytes (#CC2550) were obtained from Clonetics subdivision of Lonza (Walkersville, MD). Chondrocytes were grown for expansion in 100-mm culture dishes using DMEM supplemented with 5%	[583.0, 1384.0, 1079.0, 1471.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
19	1	17	footnote	Correspondence to: R.J. Fitzsimmons (T: 909-478-9085; F: 909-478-9015; E-mail: biocore1@aol.com)	[66.0, 1406.0, 558.0, 1446.0]	frontmatter_support	0.75	["page-1 correspondence footnote: Correspondence to: R.J. Fitzsimmons (T: 909-478-9085; F: 909"]	frontmatter_support	0.75	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
20	1	18	footnote	© 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	[68.0, 1449.0, 559.0, 1471.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: \u00a9 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Peri"]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
21	1	19	number	854	[69.0, 1478.0, 105.0, 1497.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
22	1	20	footer	JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH JUNE 2008	[131.0, 1479.0, 472.0, 1500.0]	noise	0.9	["footer label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
23	2	0	header	PULSING ELECTRIC FIELD INCREASES CHONDROCYTE PROLIFERATION	[444.0, 68.0, 1056.0, 88.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
24	2	1	number	855	[1083.0, 68.0, 1118.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	frontmatter_side_zone	support_like	short_fragment	False	False
25	2	2	text	calf serum). For experiments, chondrocytes were detached using trypsin, pooled into a single aliquot, counted, and then separated into culture wells using DMEM containing 0.1% calf serum. The use of 0	[106.0, 117.0, 601.0, 496.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
26	2	3	paragraph_title	Cell Proliferation	[108.0, 514.0, 252.0, 534.0]	unknown_structural	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Cell Proliferation"]	subsection_heading	0.6	frontmatter_side_zone	support_like	short_fragment	False	True
27	2	4	text	DNA content of cell layer was used as an index of cell number, and an increase in cell number was used as an indication of increased cell proliferation. The culture media was removed and the cell laye	[107.0, 535.0, 602.0, 685.0]	unknown_structural	0.8	["page-1 zone author_zone: DNA content of cell layer was used as an index of cell numbe"]	authors	0.8	body_zone	body_like	none	False	True
28	2	5	paragraph_title	Nitric Oxide Measurement	[108.0, 706.0, 329.0, 727.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Nitric Oxide Measurement"]	subsection_heading	0.6	frontmatter_side_zone	support_like	none	True	True
29	2	6	text	Nitrite in culture media was measured as an index of nitric oxide levels using the Griess reaction. $ ^{12} $ An aliquot (250 $ \mu $L) of conditioned culture media was collected and measured for nit	[107.0, 728.0, 600.0, 834.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
30	2	7	paragraph_title	cGMP Measurement	[108.0, 854.0, 278.0, 873.0]	unknown_structural	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: cGMP Measurement"]	subsection_heading	0.6	frontmatter_side_zone	support_like	short_fragment	False	True
31	2	8	text	The level of cGMP in the cell layer was measured using cGMP Enzyme Immunoassay Kit from Sigma (#CG200-1kt). The culture media was removed and the cell layer rinsed with PBS at 4°C. The cell layer was	[107.0, 873.0, 601.0, 1002.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
32	2	9	paragraph_title	PEF Signal	[108.0, 1023.0, 198.0, 1044.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: PEF Signal"]	subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	True	True
33	2	10	text	The PEF signal (MedRelief® model SE55, Healthonics Inc, Atlanta, GA) is characterized by a pulse-burst waveform with a primary signal of asymmetrical biphasic rectangular pulses, 210/30 $ \mu $s in e	[106.0, 1045.0, 601.0, 1318.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
34	2	11	paragraph_title	Application of PEF Signal to Cell Culture	[109.0, 1342.0, 436.0, 1363.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Application of PEF Signal to Cell Culture"]	subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
35	2	12	text	The PEF signal was delivered by capacitive coupling to chondrocytes using a novel replacement for traditional salt bridges. $ ^{13} $ In this new system, niobium wire jumpers were used instead of salt	[107.0, 1362.0, 602.0, 1470.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
36	2	13	text	is closely controllable. The resulting vivid, nonfading light interference colors are used in jewelry, and jeweler’s niobium is manufactured in standard colors. Importantly for this application, the h	[625.0, 117.0, 1121.0, 325.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
37	2	14	text	Niobium wire is cut and bent to form bridges between culture wells and the PEF signal passes through these bridges capacitively. Multiple wells are joined together in series. The wire is formed to fit	[625.0, 326.0, 1120.0, 493.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
38	2	15	text	Preliminary studies found no indication of cytotoxicity when the PEF signal was delivered to either osteoblasts or chondrocytes via the niobium bridge. No changes in temperature or pH were detected in	[625.0, 494.0, 1121.0, 641.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
39	2	16	paragraph_title	Statistics	[627.0, 660.0, 706.0, 680.0]	sub_subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level sub_subsection_heading: Statistics"]	sub_subsection_heading	0.6	frontmatter_side_zone	support_like	short_fragment	True	True
40	2	17	text	For all measures the average value and standard deviation are reported. Number of samples per group was six. Data is expressed as percent of control values. Multiple control bars in a graph indicate c	[624.0, 682.0, 1122.0, 1061.0]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	["page-1 zone journal_furniture_zone: For all measures the average value and standard deviation ar"]	frontmatter_noise	0.8	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
41	2	18	paragraph_title	RESULTS	[628.0, 1081.0, 720.0, 1104.0]	section_heading	0.9	["explicit scholarly heading: RESULTS"]	section_heading	0.9	body_zone	heading_like	canonical_section_name	True	True
42	2	19	text	The experimental design was to first investigate whether PEF had an effect on chondrocyte DNA content measured 72 h after PEF treatment. The experimental design then focused on changes in second messe	[625.0, 1105.0, 1120.0, 1292.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
43	2	20	paragraph_title	Effect of Stimuli on Chondrocytes after 72 Hours	[627.0, 1309.0, 1043.0, 1331.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Effect of Stimuli on Chondrocytes after 72 Hours"]	subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	heading_like	none	True	True
44	2	21	text	A single 30-min treatment period to PEF with an amplitude producing 2.7 microamperes across culture media and an electric field of 0.2 mV/cm significantly increased DNA content by $ 133 \pm 10\% $ (p	[625.0, 1332.0, 1120.0, 1471.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
45	2	22	footer	JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH JUNE 2008	[781.0, 1496.0, 1119.0, 1515.0]	noise	0.9	["footer label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
46	3	0	number	856	[68.0, 68.0, 105.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
47	3	1	header	FITZSIMMONS ET AL.	[135.0, 67.0, 316.0, 88.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
48	3	2	chart		[80.0, 116.0, 546.0, 434.0]	figure_asset	0.85	["media label: chart"]	media_asset	0.85	body_zone	unknown_like	empty	True	True
49	3	3	figure_title	Figure 1. Effect on DNA content after 72 h. Normal human chondrocytes were plated in DMEM containing 0.1% calf serum and allowed to attach and equilibrate for 24 h. In the graph above, PEF signal was	[66.0, 446.0, 559.0, 628.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Figure 1. Effect on DNA content after 72 h. Normal human cho"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
50	3	4	text	Insulin-like growth factor 1 and added calf serum (increases calf serum from 0.1 to 1.0%) also increased DNA content, as shown in Figure 1. A dose response to IGF1 showed higher concentrations (up to	[66.0, 644.0, 558.0, 783.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
51	3	5	paragraph_title	Effect of PEF Treatment on Short-Term NO Release	[67.0, 806.0, 500.0, 827.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Effect of PEF Treatment on Short-Term NO Release"]	subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	heading_like	none	True	True
52	3	6	text	In preliminary studies it was found that PEF could increase NO content transiently within 30 min of initiation of PEF treatment and the elevated NO levels would typically return to control levels shor	[65.0, 826.0, 559.0, 988.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
53	3	7	text	To determine pathways involved in response to PEF treatment, chondrocytes were PEF treated in experiments with and without inhibitors. As shown in Figure 2, PEF treatment increased NO levels when meas	[65.0, 988.0, 559.0, 1217.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
54	3	8	text	In another series of experiments adding either 0.5 mM $ CaCl_{2} $ to the culture media or the calcium ionophore A23187 to 1 mM and measuring NO content of culture media 30 min later showed an increa	[65.0, 1218.0, 559.0, 1379.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
55	3	9	text	Effect of PEF Treatment on Short-Term cGMP Generation Nitric oxide acts as a second messenger for the activation of guanylate cyclase (15). Therefore, cGMP was	[66.0, 1401.0, 559.0, 1472.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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57	3	11	figure_title	Figure 2. PEF signal and short-term (30 min) NO release. Normal human chondrocytes were plated in DMEM containing 0.1% calf serum and allowed to attach and equilibrate for 24 h. In one experiment (lig	[584.0, 503.0, 1079.0, 744.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Figure 2. PEF signal and short-term (30 min) NO release. Nor"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
58	3	12	text	measured in the cell layer after PEF treatment. As shown in Figure 3, PEF treatment increased cGMP within the 30-min treatment period. This effect was blocked by either W7 or by L-NAME, as expected if	[583.0, 772.0, 1081.0, 865.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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60	3	14	figure_title	Figure 3. PEF signal increases short-term (30 min) cGMP generation. Normal human chondrocytes were plated in DMEM containing 0.1% calf-serum and allowed to attach and equilibrate for 24 h. In one expe	[584.0, 1274.0, 1079.0, 1470.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Figure 3. PEF signal increases short-term (30 min) cGMP gene"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
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62	4	0	header	PULSING ELECTRIC FIELD INCREASES CHONDROCYTE PROLIFERATION	[445.0, 67.0, 1056.0, 88.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	none	False	False
63	4	1	number	857	[1083.0, 68.0, 1118.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
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65	4	3	figure_title	Figure 4. PEF signal and SNP increase short-term (30 min) cGMP generation. Normal human chondrocytes were plated in DMEM containing 0.1% calf serum and allowed to attach and equilibrate for 24 h. The	[107.0, 455.0, 601.0, 650.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Figure 4. PEF signal and SNP increase short-term (30 min) cG"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
66	4	4	text	cGMP was increased in a cascade from calmodulin to nitric oxide synthase to cGMP.	[107.0, 713.0, 600.0, 758.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
67	4	5	text	In Figure 4, both PEF and a nitric oxide donor (SNP) increased cGMP content of the cell layer within 30 min of treatment. The guanylate cyclase inhibitor (LY83583) blocked both PEF treatment and SNP f	[107.0, 759.0, 601.0, 967.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
68	4	6	paragraph_title	Effect of Inhibitors on Ability of PEF Treatment to Increase DNA Content at 72 Hours	[108.0, 991.0, 527.0, 1034.0]	subsection_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level subsection_heading: Effect of Inhibitors on Ability of PEF Treatment to Increase"]	subsection_heading	0.6	body_zone	heading_like	none	True	True
69	4	7	text	In Figure 5, PEF treatment, when applied one time for 30 min, increased chondrocyte proliferation as observed in previous experiments. When L-NAME was added prior to PEF treatment the increase in chon	[107.0, 1035.0, 600.0, 1195.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
70	4	8	text	Effect of SNP on Chondrocyte Proliferation at 72 Hours In Figure 6, SNP was added to a final concentration of 150 $ \mu $M, which increased nitric oxide content in culture media to 752 ± 74% of contr	[106.0, 1217.0, 602.0, 1470.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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72	4	10	figure_title	Figure 5. PEF signal and increased DNA content at 72 h. Normal human chondrocytes were plated in DMEM containing 0.1% calf serum and allowed to attach and equilibrate for 24 h. In one experiment (ligh	[627.0, 486.0, 1121.0, 687.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Figure 5. PEF signal and increased DNA content at 72 h. Norm"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
73	4	11	text	content when present for 30 min, which is similar to the profile of NO release with PEF alone.	[626.0, 713.0, 1120.0, 760.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
74	4	12	paragraph_title	DISCUSSION	[629.0, 781.0, 762.0, 803.0]	section_heading	0.9	["explicit scholarly heading: DISCUSSION"]	section_heading	0.9	body_zone	heading_like	canonical_section_name	True	True
75	4	13	text	Normal tissue regeneration proceeds through a series of phases starting with inflammation $ ^{16} $ and culminating in the deposition and organization of new tissue. In the	[626.0, 805.0, 1122.0, 875.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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77	4	15	figure_title	Figure 6. SNP and PEF effects on DNA. Normal human chondrocytes were plated in DMEM containing 0.1% calf serum and allowed to attach and equilibrate for 24 h. Cultures were treated to SNP (an NO donor	[625.0, 1274.0, 1120.0, 1469.0]	figure_caption	0.92	["figure_title label: Figure 6. SNP and PEF effects on DNA. Normal human chondrocy"]	figure_caption	0.92	display_zone	legend_like	figure_number	True	True
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79	5	0	number	858	[69.0, 68.0, 104.0, 87.0]	noise	0.9	["page number label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
80	5	1	header	FITZSIMMONS ET AL.	[135.0, 68.0, 317.0, 88.0]	noise	0.9	["header label"]	noise	0.9	body_zone	body_like	short_fragment	False	False
81	5	2	text	case of chronic joint pain, whether due to a prior injury or osteoarthritis, tissue regeneration stalls indefinitely in the inflammation phase. This leads to progressive degeneration of cartilage, irr	[65.0, 117.0, 559.0, 255.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
82	5	3	text	Cartilage degradation in itself does not translate as a sensory perception directly from the cartilage; joint pain is the symptom that causes patients to seek treatment. Unfortunately, treatments aime	[65.0, 256.0, 559.0, 622.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
83	5	4	text	This study utilized a PEF signal adapted from the signal used in bone growth stimulators, employed successfully for recalcitrant bone fractures. $ ^{17} $ There are a number of similarities between th	[66.0, 622.0, 558.0, 1034.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
84	5	5	text	The results of this study also suggest that release of NO is part of the biologic pathway involved in increased DNA content of chondrocyte cultures following PEF treatment. NO increased within the 30-	[65.0, 1035.0, 559.0, 1287.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	tail_nonref_hold_zone	unknown_like	none	True	True
85	5	6	text	Nitric oxide has many influences, $ ^{16,21} $ of which one can be activation of guanylate cyclase, which produces cGMP. $ ^{15} $ This study showed that the PEF signal increased cGMP within the 30-mi	[65.0, 1286.0, 559.0, 1471.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	tail_nonref_hold_zone	unknown_like	none	True	True
86	5	7	text	cultures following PEF signal treatment was blocked by LY83583, thereby indicating cGMP is involved in the pathway of PEF-stimulated DNA content of chondrocyte cultures. I h i i i id l ld b	[583.0, 117.0, 1079.0, 209.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
87	5	8	text	In these experiments nitric oxide release could be increased with added calcium or a calcium ionophore, which is consistent with reports that NOS can be regulated by calcium. $ ^{23} $ When the calmod	[583.0, 210.0, 1079.0, 415.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
88	5	9	text	Taken together, the data indicates this PEF signal stimulates chondrocyte proliferation through a biological pathway that involves calcium/ calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and cGMP. T	[583.0, 415.0, 1079.0, 759.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
89	5	10	text	Whether this PEF signal can impart beneficial action to cartilage in human patients, of course, remains to be tested. One limitation of this study is the use of chondrocytes in cell culture, and the o	[583.0, 759.0, 1080.0, 1013.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
90	5	11	paragraph_title	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	[587.0, 1037.0, 811.0, 1059.0]	section_heading	0.6	["unnumbered paragraph_title, inferred level section_heading: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"]	section_heading	0.6	body_zone	heading_like	short_fragment	True	True
91	5	12	text	This study was partially funded, and the PEF generators were supplied, by Healthonics Inc., Altanta, GA.	[584.0, 1061.0, 1077.0, 1105.0]	body_paragraph	0.6	["default body_paragraph for text label"]	body_paragraph	0.6	body_zone	body_like	none	True	True
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